part modern, part feudal and still struggling with democracy. By the end
of my travels, I found myself not with one map of India, but many maps
that looked far different from the one I thought I knew. I was taught to
look at the fringes as from an imaginary centre—always looking
outward from the mainland to a faraway frontier. But when I found
myself at that frontier, I realised I was standing in a wholly different
world, a wholly different history and a wholly different version of the
country I called home. And yet, in this landscape of unmarked graves
and buried land mines, and cries for freedom, I began to understand that
we live in a world made of borderlands, that borders are being created
everywhere.
While the stories in this book are from the Afghanistan–Pakistan
border, and from India’s borders, they could take place anywhere. It is
not just the South Asian borders that are unravelling: borders around the
world are enclosing and suffocating their people rather than guaranteeing
their freedom. What happened in Bosnia was repeated in Rwanda, and
what happens in Palestine is happening in Kashmir.
And it is not just violence and war that people are fleeing. Climate
change will radically remake the borders of our world—what lines will
you enforce with a standing army when water and fire have swallowed
them? What sovereignty will you impose on a city erased by rising seas?
Edward Said wrote, ‘The earth is in effect one world, in which
empty, uninhabited spaces virtually do not exist. Just as none of us is
outside or beyond geography, none of us is completely free from the
struggle over geography.’
21
The stories in this book are part of a greater,
universal struggle over geography, as individuals across the world
navigate the imposition of arbitrary borders. In the words of the historian
Romila Thapar, ‘Borders only become borders when cartographies come
into existence.’
22
Today, we live in a world where commodities, capital and drones
have far greater freedom of movement than people fleeing dictators or
genocide. The borders we have established in many places cannot
continue to exist as they are. We shape nations out of imaginary, non-
existent lines—sometimes amputating communities or whole cultures to
make way for a country—and we defend these lines with violence lest
they cease to exist altogether. As the need to rethink the shape of the
post-war and postcolonial world intensifies, and the world contemplates
the future of democracy and the nation state in contested terrains, the
stories from the borderlands need to be told. These real histories are
intricate, contradictory and full of inconvenient truths that cannot be
neatly sorted into the textbook categories of cause and effect. They hold
immense pain, but they also reveal glimpses of a new world.
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