party in the United Kingdom. ‘We are,’ she said, ‘worried about the
Islamification of Britain. I hear you have the same problem.’
N. quietly asked who this ‘we’ was, reminding her that she was
standing in a cemetery with epitaphs of men born Christian, Muslim,
Hindu, Jewish, Sikh, Parsi and Jain—who died fighting in an imperial
war in an alien land.
Ignoring him, Keanne looked at me and said, ‘We are not racist,’
but continued, ‘We feel we are losing our British sensibilities . . .’ After
another pause, she added, ‘You are not Muslim, are you . . .? I don’t
mean to offend,’ and walked away with her guide. That Keanne—whose
country had colonised, plundered and made India their home—was now
‘worried about Islamification’ further drove home how normalised and
ubiquitous anti-Muslim bigotry had become.
An American visitor named Andrew Jackson had a grandfather who
had served in the 823rd Aviation Engineer Battalion—an African
American unit that built the Ledo Road that stretched from Assam all the
way into present-day Myanmar. Having heard our conversation, Andrew
walked up to us while we were still talking to Keanne. ‘The English
always leave a bloody mess,’ Andrew added as he saw her leave.
Andrew had travelled to the small town of Ledo in Assam and was
making his way through the region. Not much is left of Ledo Road now,
except for Stilwell Park with decaying plaques that tell a short history of
the road. In 2010, the BBC reported that ‘much of the road [had] been
swallowed up by the jungle’.
5
Andrew had come in search of old graves of the many African
American soldiers who perished here. Kohima was Andrew’s last stop
before heading to Calcutta, and then home to Chicago.
N. told Andrew that Alberta Hunter, the legendary jazz musician,
had sung her blues in Assam in a 1944 performance for the US troops
that were building the Ledo Road. Andrew was thrilled to hear that
Hunter had performed, but knew little about the war. His grandfather had
died in the 1980s, before he was born. All he had were a few military
papers and vague family history. ‘No one asked him about this, no one
cared to write what he went through, and I don’t think he spoke about it
either. Black folk don’t speak about the military at our homes,’ he said.
African Americans have served in every war the US has ever
fought, and still, even the dead soldiers were segregated. Andrew knew
stories of black veterans who had returned from serving in the Second
World War who had been lynched. Andrew himself had served two tours
in Iraq, the second soon after the Samarra bombings, which unleashed an
urban war on the streets of Baghdad.
‘I don’t think Americans really know what we saw there, and did
there. We just blew up a country for no reason,’ he said, and added, ‘I
travelled so far to fight someone else’s war.’
When we parted ways with Andrew, N. and I continued walking
towards the top of the hill, where we met J. Sato, and saw another
perspective on the war. Now in his forties, Sato was in Kohima,
accompanied by his grandfather’s friend, Mikio Kinoshita. At ninety-
five, Kinoshita had survived the battle and returned home, but Sato’s
grandfather was one of the 50,000 missing Japanese war dead. The
Japanese lost their entire Thirty-First Division in the single battle of
Kohima. At least 70,000 Japanese soldiers lost their lives in Manipur and
Nagaland when they invaded British India, and many went missing and
remain buried in unknown, unmarked graves. Sato translated the frail Mr
Kinoshita’s words: ‘We left the bones of our brothers here.’ Most
Japanese soldiers were buried in the villages of Jotsoma, Riisoma and
Kigwema in Kohima district, and Sato and Kinoshita were here to visit
these places. There were now regular tours arranged for Japanese
descendants to visit these sites.
Kinoshita found Kohima and many of the theatres of engagement
unrecognisable; he had hoped to remember something. For Sato, this
was a pilgrimage he had wanted to make for a while. He grew up in the
shadow of loss. His grandmother and mother never got over his
grandfather’s disappearance. For a long time, they hoped he would
return.
As we said our goodbyes, Sato asked that we take his picture next
to the plaque that said, ‘When you go home tell them of us and say; “For
your tomorrow we gave our today.”’
After the photo was taken, N. remarked, ‘This is the lie they sell
each generation of men. Some of us don’t have a home to return to; our
todays are done. I shudder to think what tomorrow we have left for our
children.’
Nagaland remains one of India’s most highly policed states, and the
army maintains a permanent presence and surveillance to control all
local factions. Votes work on the barter system and remain the most
valuable currency. Despite the value of votes, the rule of law has very
little currency. Travelling through Nagaland, I found myself in the midst
of the two ‘parallel governments’ oppressing their people in perfect
coordination and complicity: the National Socialist Council of
Nagaland’s (NSCN-IM) Isak-Muivah faction has a Naga Army and there
is the Indian Reserve Battalion. The NSCN—a modern Naga separatist
group—was formed on 31 January 1980 to oppose the Shillong Accord
of 1975, signed as a peace agreement between the previous separatist
group, the NNC, and the Indian government. Drug trafficking from
Myanmar is reported to be a major source of income for the NSCN-IM,
and I heard many stories of extortion and smuggling in regions where
the group carries influence. Illegal taxation is rampant. Petty crimes are
policed by communities, which take the law into their hands. This is
what India has to show for itself after seventy years of rule and presence
in the region.
The Naga city of Tuensang, difficult to access and situated right on
the border with Myanmar, is where the Naga government was first
established in 1954. The people of Tuensang continue to find themselves
in the crossfire of three opposing and fighting groups—the Indian Army,
the Naga underground and the Burmese armed forces. During the height
of the insurgency, the Indian Army came in search of Naga underground
fighters. The Burmese Army also made incursions into Naga areas to
weed out armed groups. The Naga underground groups targeted those
they suspected were collaborating with the Indian and Burmese armed
forces.
The way to Tuensang was paved with bad roads, and interrupted by
blockades and stray dogs. The young man who drove me here the second
time said that, when he was young, they named these dogs after the
Indian Army soldiers—Mishra, Natarajan, Singh and Mukesh—and
chuckled.
I travelled through Nagaland at the height of the Bodo agitations.
Members of the separatist Bodo people, who have been demanding a
separate statehood in Assam for decades, were renewing the attacks on
refugee Muslims that had begun in the 1990s. As a result, the main roads
had been blocked, and essential vegetables, fruits and pulses usually
transported across state lines were in short supply. Smaller hotels and
restaurants were closed. I had to buy lentils, rice and spices, and carry
them with me on the road—often offering rice and lentils to a family in
return for use of their kitchen. A three-day shutdown and roadblock had
completely paralysed the state.
The church’s presence was ubiquitous; each small hamlet and
village came with a quaint church and local school as 90 per cent of
Nagaland is Christian. I spoke with a local pastor in the remote
Tuensang area who wondered if India sought to keep this region as a
buffer state, backward and underdeveloped: ‘Look what happened to
Tibet and Afghanistan, “buffer” means we are merely pawns, we are not
a working part of the country. It also means that we are dispensable.
Many of our children leave for the mainland but never quite fit in. They
face so much racism.’
The government abuses of the 1950s and ’60s right up to the ’90s
became the many circles of the inferno. There were cases of beheading,
burning people alive, torture and mutilation. Some of these tortures and
killings were committed publicly in front of the whole village. Three
years later, I would hear the story of a schoolteacher in Kupwara,
Kashmir, in a border village. He was beaten to death in the village square
in the 1980s. Public executions and extrajudicial killings of civilians are
a tried and tested counter-insurgency strategy of inflicting terror, and
have been used across time and geography in India and elsewhere.
Modern states, including the United States, Israel, France and many
others, continue this practice to date.
As the resistance and rebellion spread into Naga Hills, in April
1956, the ‘responsibility of maintaining law and order’ was handed over
to the Indian Army.
6
In 1956–57, the Ministry of Defence defended the
violence, stating that ‘due to hostile activity by misguided Nagas, the
law and order situation deteriorated in the Tuensang area of the North
Eastern Frontier Agency’.
7
The ‘grouping’ of villages began immediately and continued into
1957. In February that year, the whole population of Mangmetong and
Longkhum were moved into an enclosed area. Families of individuals
who had joined the rebellion were further segregated from the ‘general’
population.
8
The grouping was often followed by ‘burnings’.
The soldiers would inform the village headman that his village was
about to be burnt.
9
In Mokokchung district, almost every village was
burnt, several times over.
10
Mongjen village was reportedly burnt seven
times, and Mamtong nineteen times, before the villagers finally
surrendered.
11
This method was justified as being used to cut off access
to food and shelter to the insurgents and those resisting the Indian state,
but it resulted in mass starvation and homelessness. Multiple search
operations and curfews accompanied the grouping and burning
operations.
12
Sometimes, the regrouping took place long after the village had
been burnt, and the villagers spent the intervening period in the jungles
or fields around their former homes. We walked to some of the remote
border villages, many inaccessible and only reachable by a long trek.
Many of the women we met refused to speak, and many had never
encountered an outsider, except the Indian soldiers.
Ya was close to eighty when I met her in a remote border village in
Tuensang district. Almost sixty years ago, as she was on the way to her
fields, an Indian Army patrol convoy raped her. She doesn’t remember
how many men there were, or their faces. They all became one violent,
faceless nightmare. When she recovered consciousness, she discovered
many ‘marks’ on her body, and she was bleeding profusely.
‘They had left me to die alone.’
The story of her rape soon spread. It was one of the first known
instances of rape by Indian soldiers, and she was left to die on the street
by the soldiers to send a message. She remained alone her whole life:
‘No one was willing to marry me, I got no help.’
‘I am not the only one,’ she told me, her face still stoic.
Every family had these gruesome stories. And many of the women
lived in shame and pain because of what was done to them.
It was late afternoon when I left Ya’s house, and my translator
friends walked ahead. I walked towards a border pillar across the old
helipad built by the Japanese during the Second World War. Without
realising, I found myself on the Burmese side of the border.
I knew I was in Myanmar because the Burmese border security
guards I ran into informed me that I had crossed the border, and I was
quickly taken into their custody. The men spoke in a mishmash of
English and a language I didn’t understand. They explained that they had
to inform their Indian counterparts on the other side of the border, the
Assam Rifles, who would come and pick me up. I was not allowed to
walk back unaccompanied, even though I was just ten yards away from
‘India’. When I protested, I was told that the penalty for border crossing
was three years in Burma. I had to choose—they could take me to the
nearest police station inside Burma, a day’s drive away, where I would
face charges. Or I could wait for the Indian soldiers.
Mere hours before, I had heard Ya tell me about her ordeal, and the
women who sat next to her had listed their own dark encounters with the
Indian military. A few weeks earlier, Toyoba, a Rohingya refugee I met
in Calcutta, had told me about the brutality that the Burmese border
security force, the Nasaka, had inflicted on his family. He had told me
stories of raped women, dismembered bodies and burnt-down mosques.
I felt an unexplainable emotion—sickness in my gut, a mix of
disbelief and disgust. I had never felt this specific fear before. When I
felt a hand on my backpack, I froze. Were they about to grab me, like
they had grabbed Ya? I shuddered.
The fear made me heavy, and I found it difficult to move.
The men spoke politely, offered me pork stewed in pickled bamboo
shoot. I waited patiently for the soldiers from India to arrive and take me
back. Two hours later, five soldiers arrived, looking excited. I was told
this was the most exciting thing that had happened here in a long time.
The soldiers from opposite sides of the border greeted each other
like old friends. The Indians offered to make tea with the firewood, and
the Burmese set their radio to the AIR station. In this part of the world,
the radio frequencies and cell phone towers could pick up signals from
both sides. The soldiers complained about their commanding officers
and drank their tea.
There was no official handing-over ceremony: once the tea was
finished, everyone got up to leave. Before we went, the Burmese soldiers
alerted the Indian soldiers to a body they had spotted recently while
scouting the no man’s land between the two countries. ‘Not ours,’ the
Indians responded. ‘Must be the locals settling scores.’ With quick
banter, the matter of the unidentified dead body was settled, and I was
escorted back across the border. The soldiers dropped me off at the
guesthouse and told me to stay out of trouble.
I went inside and locked myself in. When I reached for my
notebook, it was gone; I had left it across the border in Myanmar. I flung
my phone across the room in rage and broke into tears. I did not know
why I was crying.
I showered and lay on the little cot, exhausted; I still had my
friend’s collection of poetry that I had printed weeks before. In it was
Manipuri writer Robin Ngangom’s poem ‘Native Land’:
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |