Ferghana Valley


Overview of the Soviet Takeover



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Ferghana Valley The Heart of Central Asia ( PDFDrive )

Overview of the Soviet Takeover
In early March 1917, reports about the change of power in Petrograd
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reached 
Turkestan. This led to the rapid reconfiguration of the former colonial relations and 
a transformation of the region’s political life. Three parallel seats of local authority 
emerged, appearing first in Tashkent, where the tsarist governor-generalship had 
been based, and spreading from there throughout the region.
First, the legal successor of the former governor-general was the Turkestan Com-
mittee of the Provisional Government, headed by a member of the Constitutional 
Democrats or Cadet Party, Nikolai Shchepkin. After July Shchepkin was succeeded 
by a famous public figure and socialist from Turkestan, Vladimir Nalivkin. The 
second body that aspired to wield power was the Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ 
Deputies. It consisted of several regional soviets, with the one in Tashkent being 
the most influential. From the outset it included both the Bolshevik and Menshevik 
factions of the Social Democrats, Socialist Revolutionaries, and other parties. The 
third power base was the National Center of the Turkestan Muslims (Turkistan millii 
shurasi), comprised of various organizations representing the Muslim population. 
Among these were a reformist Islamic Council (Shurosi-islamia) and a conserva-
tive Association of Ulamas (Djamiati-ulamo). The National Center was headed by 
a Kazakh by the name of Mustafa Chokaev,
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who previously had worked closely 
with the Russian Cadet Party.
Both the soviets, which drew mainly on the Russian-speaking population, and 
the Muslim organizations extended their loyalty to the Provisional Government 
that Alexander Kerensky had formed in Petrograd. Both also sent delegates to 


SOVIET RULE AND THE DELINEATION OF BORDERS 95
the Turkestan committee. In addition to these organizations, many other national, 
professional, and political associations also sprang up, from time to time entering 
into coalitions and even influencing the course of events.
The alliance among this diverse array of forces that emerged following the 
February Revolution was based upon the Kerensky government’s recognition that 
all citizens of Russia enjoyed equal rights, and its commitment to hold general 
elections for a Constitutional Assembly based on proportional representation. This 
satisfied the liberal parties, which viewed democracy as their political goal, and 
also the various socialist forces that sought to increase the representation of the 
lowest classes. This also pleased non-Russian elites, particularly Muslims, since it 
could significantly enhance their influence in the capital and possibly gain a degree 
of control over the former colonial territories on the periphery.
At the same time, a tough struggle broke out among and within the parties over 
leadership, the future organization of Turkestan, and related societal reforms. This 
continued throughout 1917. Some Muslim leaders leaned toward socialism, others 
supported the type of modernization promoted by the Young Turks in the waning 
Ottoman Empire, and still others sought to institute rule based on sharia law. As 
ideological and factional clashes sharpened in Petrograd, the struggle intensified 
in Turkestan as well. It was also fed by social tensions that arose from cutbacks in 
the delivery of the wheat on which Turkestan depended, and the subsequent spread 
of hunger. All of this reinforced mutual suspicions, accusations, and hostility.
At the beginning of October 1917, reports reached Turkestan that Bolsheviks 
and Left Socialist Revolutionaries had organized an armed uprising. This called 
to action the Tashkent-based Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies. Using its 
influence among the troops, the Soviet expelled the Turkestan Committee, which 
had lost its legitimacy, and proclaimed a new authority comprised of leftist radi-
cals but including no representative from among the Muslims. On November 15, 
1917 the left-wing parties from Tashkent held a Third Regional Congress of the 
Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies. This assembly explicitly declared that 
“Muslim participation in the highest revolutionary bodies is for now unacceptable 
due to the complete uncertainty that exists regarding the attitude of the indigenous 
population toward the Soviet of Workers’ and Peasants’ Deputies. It is also ruled 
out because the indigenous population has no proletarian class organizations of the 
kind that the Bolsheviks would be prepared to welcome into the highest regional 
authority.”
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In November the soviets created a new administrative body called 
the Turkestan Council of People’s Commissars, with a Russian Bolshevik named 
Fedor Kolesov as its chairman.

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