184 SHOZIMOV,
BESHIMOV,
YUNUSOVA
continued to provide reports to the district governments as formerly, and these in
turn reported up the ladder through the republics to the ministries in Moscow. All
this put the brakes on economic change, since the further an enterprise was from
Moscow the more difficult it was to implement the new economic methods on the
ground. Moreover, harsh actions by the central authorities during the Cotton Af-
fair had left a deep residue of mistrust toward Moscow and its reforms. In spite of
this, a new business class began gradually to form in the Ferghana Valley, one that
eventually would play a significant role in the political arena.
The same mistrust of economic reform existed in the Leninabad province of Ta-
jikistan. Articles in the
Leninabadskaia pravda newspaper denounced various forms
of private trade, for instance, the rare books being sold in various cities throughout the
Ferghana Valley. Sellers were branded as speculators, but they were merely building
a market for what heretofore had been inexpensive but scarce rare books. This was a
market economy in embryo, and it called forth articles demanding stern measures to
repress this type of trading.
18
Throughout 1985 attacks on private trade and defenses
of socialism persisted.
19
However, private ownership gained momentum and thereby
weakened centralized political controls over the economy and strengthened the basis
for free expression of ideas at all levels of public life. Meanwhile, every year the au-
thorities in Moscow devised new projects of reform for the provinces. At first the locals
lagged in their support for such initiatives, but by the late 1980s people in the Ferghana
Valley were themselves setting the patterns and dynamics of these changes.
By 1988 the press in Leninabad province was noting the many economic changes
in the province since a year earlier. Such key enterprises as the Isfara hydrometallur-
gical combine and the Avtozapchast factory in Kanibadam were now self-managed,
even as many others feared the effects of freeing themselves from central funding.
Falling demand for low-quality products retarded reform, as did the absence of
markets for some of the higher-quality goods that had been produced.
20
While some economic reforms were welcomed, others were problematic. Thus,
A. Jalilov, a Tajik vegetable grower and lessee from the Rokhi Lenini
kolkhoz near
Khujand, reported:
The introduction of lease-holding was to our liking, since we became something
like owners. . . . We await the [further] Law on Land because the new arrange-
ment for leases still did not allow us to manage as we would like. There is still
a farm office acting as an intermediary between the government and us that tells
us what and how much we can grow. A contract demanded that we produce 400
tons of tomatoes but we could only supply 3 tons. Even then, much produce is left
to rot. This is all because the plan comes down to us from above. We increased
garden crops by a third. But since we could not deal directly with retailers and
instead had to turn over everything to such government agencies as Agrotorg
(Agro-Trade), we had trouble selling what we produced.
21
Gorbachev himself made an uncompromising analysis of the economic situa-
tion in the USSR at the time. He saw that by 1989 perestroika was in acute danger
THE FERGHANA VALLEY DURING PERESTROIKA 185
because of the rapidly eroding national economy, the rise of large-scale public
demonstrations, and sharpened inter-ethnic tensions, with two outbreaks of violence
in the Ferghana Valley alone.
22
Gorbachev blamed the crisis on the falling world
price for oil, lost revenues from his own ban on the production of alcoholic bever-
ages, the nuclear catastrophe at Chernobyl, an earthquake in Armenia, the war in
Afghanistan, and other troubles. He concluded that further economic reform would
be impossible without basic changes in the political system.
The Russian scholar Alexander Osipov argues that the “winds of perestroika”
did not reach Uzbekistan until as late as 1988. But then perestroika found a strong
resonance there, especially among the intelligentsia. Publications on the “Gdlian
case” appeared, as did studies of ecological issues, including the Aral Sea tragedy.
23
The first actual conflict occurred in the Uzbek part of the Ferghana Valley beginning
in May 1989, and affecting Kuvasay, Margilan, Ferghana, and Kokand. By June 3
to 12, 1989, large-scale clashes were occurring between Uzbeks and Meskhetian
Turks. Known nowadays as the “Ferghana Events,”
these clashes ceased only
after the imposition of a curfew. Only a month later, in July 1989, a second ethnic
conflict broke out, this time between Tajiks and Kyrgyz. The cause of the conflict
was a long-standing dispute over access to land and water in a specific group of
fields. As with the “Ferghana Events,” this clash ceased only when the military
instituted a curfew in the villages of Vorukh, Chorkukh, and Surkh. This in turn was
followed in June 1990 by the “Osh events,” a sustained conflict between Kyrgyz
and Uzbeks in and around the city of Osh.
In February 1990 a plenum of the CPSU Central Committee agreed to the repeal
of Article VI of the Constitution, which protected the Communist Party’s political
monopoly. This opened the way for a multi-party system in the USSR. The Cen-
tral Committee also tentatively agreed to a restructuring of the USSR as a federal
union based on treaties with the constituent republics.
24
Not long after, a conflict
over apartment sales broke out in Dushanbe between local Tajiks and Armenian
immigrants. Between February 11 and 14 some eleven people were killed, hundreds
injured, and many buses, automobiles, and buildings torched. Again, only a curfew
quelled the disturbances.
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