62 DUBOVITSKII,
BABABEKOV
tury consisted of two opposed tendencies. Many clerical writers and poets penned
works praising the khan and other officials. Other poets and writers devoted their
talents to exposing such lies; they wrote openly about the plight of the poor, and
criticized the bloody wars, tyranny, ruthlessness and greed of the rulers. The latter
group included poets Akmal, Bokikhan-ture, Gulkhany, Ery Hukandy, Zavky, Zory,
Makhmour, Mahjoub, Mukimov, Muntazib, Muhayr, Muhammad Yunus Tayyib,
Muhsin, Nasim, Nizam Hukandy, Nodir, Nozil, Pisandy, Rozhy, Sado, Umid, Fur-
cat, Shahdi,
Shukurov, and Ferghani.
During the era of the Khanate of Kokand, a revival of historiographical writing
occurred. A number of ancient historical works were translated into Uzbek, and
new ones were written about the Kokand Khanate. Many historians, such as Niaz
Muhammad bin Ashour Muhammad Khukan-dy, Mullah Shams Namangani, penned
their works using both poetry and prose.
Some remarkably progressive actors of the nineteenth century played a great
role in raising the cultural level of the populace. With their performances these
actors not only aesthetically pleased the audience, but also scathingly criticized in
small plays and pantomimes the vices of feudal life. Zakir Eshan Rustam Mekhtar
Ogly,
Sadi Makhsum,
Matkholik Qiziq,
Ismail-naychi, Ashurali-makhram, and
many others were particularly popular actors of that time.
The rich popular culture of Kokand Khanate deserves more attention than it can
receive here. For example, in 1871 a visitor to Kokand wrote about the tradition
there of dancing boys in small boats. He asked the Sultan’s brother, the Sultan Mu-
rad, “How did the people of Kokand adopt this dance in boats, which is unknown
elsewhere in Central Asia?” In reply, he was told that “this occurred at the order of
Khudayar Khan, in imitation of a Chinese dance, only replacing the [female] dancers
with boys.”
160
Later they moved the dance from boats to horseback, which became
very popular in the Ferghana Valley on account of its closeness to the region’s many
other games and sports involving horses. Another popular entertainment was the
carousel in Kokand featuring musicians in rows one above the other, all turning
furiously. The people of Kokand also adeptly organized magnificent feasts with
fireworks. In many folk festivals they created statues of mythic heroes like Rustam,
while puppet theaters also drew large crowds during holidays.
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