Mohammad ibn Ahmed ibn Abi Bekr al-Banna al-Basschari al-Mokaddasi
, pp. 165, 345;
de Goeje, ed., Desciptio ditionis moslemicae auctore Abu Ishak al-Farisi Al-Istakhri, pp.
335–36.
97. Bartold, “Geograficheskii ocherk Maverannahra,” p. 219.
98. Bernshtam, Drevniaia Fergana, p. 32.
99. Ibid., pp. 32–33.
100. Ibid., p. 34.
101. B.D. Kochnev, “Monety, novye dannye o monetnom dvore Karakhanidov v Fergane,”
Otchet Gosudarstvennogo Ermitazha,
vol. 49, Leningrad, 1984, p. 63.
102. Ibid., p. 38.
103. O. Kagaev, Arabskie i persidskie istochniki o kirgizakh i Kirgizii, Frunze, 1968, p.
60.
104. M.E. Mason, Gornoe delo: istoriia gornogo dela na territorii Uzbekistana, Tashkent,
1953, pp. 27–29.
105. de Goeje, ed., Desciptio ditionis moslemicae auctore Abu Ishak al-Farisi Al-Istakhri,
p. 334.
106. Arkheologicheskie raboty v Tadzhikistane, vol. 19, Dushanbe, 1979, pp. 430–31.
107. Bernshtam, Drevniaia Fergana, p. 29.
108. B.A. Latinin, “Nekotorye voprosy metodologii izucheniia irrigatsii v Tsentralnoi
Azii,” Sovetskaia Arkheologiia, no. 3, 1959, pp. 19–27.
109. O. Berenaliev, “Vozniknovenie iskusstvennogo orosheniia v Fergane,” in Istoriia
dorevoliutsionnoi Kirgizii,
Frunze, 1985, p. 282.
110. Ibid., pp. 284–85.
111. Ibid., pp. 286–88.
112. Istoriia Uzbekskoi SSR, vol. 1, bk. 1, Tashkent, 1955, pp. 36–37.
113. V.V. Bartold, “Istoriia irrigatsii v Turkestane,” in Sochineniia, vol. 3, Moscow, 1965,
p. 211.
114. Ibid.
115. Ibid.
116. Babur, Baburname, p. 15.
117. Ibid., p. 126.
118. Ibid., p. 13.
119. B.A. Litvinskii, “Problemy etnicheskoi istorii drevnei i rannesrednevekovoi Fergany,”
in Istoriia i kultura narodov Tsentralnoi Azii, Moscow, 1976, p. 54; N.G. Gorbunova, “Fer-
gana soglasno antichnym avtoram,” in ibid., p. 29.
120. Litvinskii, “Problemy etnicheskoi istorii,” p. 59.
28 SAIDOV, ANARBAEV, GORIYACHEVA
121. Gafurov, Tadzhiki, Dushanbe, 1972, p. 210; S.P. Tolstov, Po drevnim deltam Oxa i
Yaxarta,
Moscow, 1962, pp. 244–45.
122. F. Aktheim, Geschichte der Hunnen, vol. 1, Berlin, 1959, pp. 41–54; E.G. Pulley-
blank, “The Consonantal System of Old Chinese,” AMNS, vol. 9, pt. 1, 1962, pp. 259–60.
123. S.S. Gubaeva, Etnicheskaia kompozitsiia Fergany v kontse XIX–nachale XX veka,
Tashkent, 1983, pp. 43–44.
124. Ibid., p. 44.
125. S.S. Abashin, Naselenie Ferganskoi doliny/Ferganskaia dolina, Moscow, 2004,
pp. 38–101.
126. Babur, Baburname, p. 13.
127. Gafurov, p. 547.
128. S.S. Gubaeva, Etnicheskaia kompozitsiia Fergany v kontse XIX–nachale XX veka,
pp. 44–45.
129. G. Abdulgazieva, “Stratigraficheskie issledovaniia pamiatnikov Shurabashatskoi
kultury,” in Fergana v drevnem i rannem srednevekove, Samarkand, 1994, pp. 26–29.
130. Anarabaev and Maksudov, Drevnii Margilan, pp. 44–49.
131. Abdulgazieva, “Stratigraficheskie issledovaniia pamiatnikov Shurabashatskoi
kultury,” p. 27.
132. Anarbaev and Maksudov, Drevnii Margilan, pp. 5–49.
133. V.M. Masson et al., “Period neolita v Tsentralnoi Azii,” in Period neolita v SSSR,
Moscow, 1982, p. 60.
134. T.K. Mkrtichev, Buddistskoe iskusstvo v Tsentralnoi Azii (I–X veka), Moscow,
2002, pp. 162–72.
135. Bartold, “Fergana,” p. 529.
136. Jemal al-Karshi, Mulhakat as-Surah, Dushanbe, 2006, p. 83. The accuracy of these
historical designations is far from clear. The name of Muhammad ibn Jarir is historically
unknown. The several tombs or mazars (sacred sites) in Safed-Bulon are said to honor
Arabs killed during their prayers by the Turkic commander Karvan-Bash, but this is not
verifiable. According to local legend, the main holy site of the village relates to the events
of the Arab conquest, but it is the burial site of Muhammad ibn Nasir, known as Shah-Fazil,
who died a martyr ca. 1056–57 during the feudal wars of Ferghana rulers—some 300 years
after the conquest.
137. de Goeje, ed., Descriptio imperii moslemici auctore Schmas’d-din Abu Abdallah
Mohammad ibn Ahmed ibn Abi Bekr al-Banna al-Basschari al-Mokaddasi
, p. 36.
138. V.D. Goriacheva and Safed Bulon, Istoricheskii i arkheologicheskii zapovednik Fer-
gany,
Bishkek, 2002; V.D. Goriacheva and V.N. Nastich, “Epigraficheskie pamiatniki Safid-
Bulana v XII–XIV vekakh,” Epigrafiia Vostoka, vol. 22, Leningrad, 1984, pp. 61–72.
139. Jemal al-Karshi, Mulhakat as-Surah, pp. 84–86.
140. L. Ismoilov, Manakib kak istoricheskii istochnik XVI veka, Tashkent, 1991, p. 9.
141. D.P. Matvievskaia and B.A. Rozenfeld, Matematiki i astronomy musulmanskogo
srednevekovia i ikh trudy VIII–XVII veka,
Moscow, 1983, pp. 55–58.
142. V.I. Beliaev, Arabskie istochniki istorii turkmen i Turkmenii v IX–XIII veke, Moscow,
vol. 1, 1939, p. 39.
143. A.T. Tagirzhanovim, ed., “Majma’at-tavarih,” in Iranskaia filologiia, vol. 2, Len-
ingrad, 1960, pp. 97–103.
144. Adabiyoti forsu Tochik dar asrhoi XII–XIV, vol. 1, Dushanbe, 1976, pp. 70–80.
145. V.Y. Galitskii and V.M. Ploskikh , Vo vremena Kara-Khanidov, Osh and Bishkek,
2000, p. 58.
146. V.N. Nastich, Pogrebalnaia epigrafika arabskogo pisma kak istochnik po sredneveko-
voi istorii Kirgizii i Iuzhnogo Kazahstana,
Moscow, 1984, pp. 161–77.
147. Babur, Baburname, pp. 5–8.
148. Tadzhikskaia sovetskaia entsiklopediia, vol. 4, Dushanbe, 1983, p. 276.
29
2
The Rise and Fall of the
Kokand Khanate
Victor Dubovitskii (Tajikistan), with
Khaydarbek Bababekov (Uzbekistan)
At first glance it would appear that nearly all aspects of the history of Central
Asia in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries have been studied and described
in hundreds of books worldwide. The names of rulers, commanders, leaders of
uprisings, poets, and court physicians are all well known. Starting from the mid-
nineteenth century, there are photographs of many of the great figures of the day.
There even exist eyewitness accounts, written not in the mysterious old shikasta
and sarvi scripts but in accessible editions by publishers in St. Petersburg, Tashkent,
London, and New Delhi. Yet lurking behind the apparent openness and simplicity
of the prevailing narrative are intrigues that make those of Cardinal Richelieu or
Talleyrand pale by comparison. Moreover, there exist huge gaps in our knowledge,
where even the most elemental information is lacking.
This is precisely the situation with our understanding of the Kokand Khanate, a
small state in the heart of the Ferghana Valley. It occupied the historical stage for
only 167 years, from 1709 to 1876
ce
, or from 1087 to 1254 according to the Muslim
calendar by which the khanate lived. The khanate existed at the point of junction
of three world civilizations: the Muslim world to which it belonged, the Orthodox
Christian Russian Empire, and Buddhist-Confucian China of the Qin Empire.
Given the abundance of information on Central Asia, it astonishes one all the more
that major research has never been done on the Kokand Khanate. This is largely because
the entire state archives were destroyed after the last ruler, Khudayar Khan, escaped
from Kokand to Tashkent in 1876. The task of rediscovering this fading past will take
decades, but the following account summarizes the state of our knowledge to date.
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