Environment of Contemporary Public Administration
One of the characteristics of public administration is that it is aimed at the future,
that is actions to be taken in the future. According to W.A. Robson (1967) the
point of departure for any attempt to foresee the future of public administration is
the fact that public administration has been, is, and always will be closely bound up
with the shape of society. The aims, intentions, preoccupations, values, problems,
difficulties and knowledge of a community will largely determine the purposes and
the methods of its system of public administration.
To a large extent, all countries, whatever their stage of development, pursue
similar aims. They are all trying to become ‘modern’ or, if they can claim to be
* Professor, Department of Public Management, University of the Free State, Republic of South
Africa
1 For purposes of this paper, education and training are seen as two equally weighted components
of a holistic capacity building process.
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Public Administration Education and Training in South Africa: New Needs …
modern, to remain in that supposedly happy condition. This involves the downgrad-
ing of values, habits and institutions and the upgrading of frequent and continu-
ous changes in technology, morals, standards, habits, fashion and style. Change
is now regarded as a goal in itself, and is, according to Wessels (2000:311) inter
alia being brought about by the growth of the world’s population; urbanization
(affecting the accessibility of all types of government services); industrialization
(impacting on the worsening world environmental situation); technological devel-
opments (leading to a net loss of jobs and contributing to economic insecurity in
the workforce); integration of national economies into global market mechanisms
(bringing about increased insecurity, unemployment, inequality and poverty to due
increased competition and flexibility); the spread of new epidemics such as HIV/
AIDS (necessitating the adoption of new methods of health care and delivery) and
social instability (a result of wars in various regions in the world).
All countries therefore
• try to train, acquire and use an ever increasing proportion of scientists and
technologists and to provide them with necessary equipment for their work;
• seek eagerly a high rate of economic growth and a higher average per capita
income, which are broadly equated with material well-being;
• are committed to an unlimited degree of urbanization and industrialization;
• are anxious to provide the major social services, particularly education and public
health, at as high a standard as possible for the whole nation or that part of it
which falls below a certain level of income;
• endeavour to provide better housing to eliminate slums, squatting and to re-
develop the obsolete or worn out parts of towns;
• try to regulate urban growth in one way or another;
• hope to achieve an improved environment by means of town and country plan-
ning; and,
• are anxious to avoid mass unemployment (Kroukamp 2002:3 and compare
Laegreid 2001:2).
The new spheres of public administration which are likely to emerge from these
changes may be directed towards more positive and more complex objectives than
some of those which absorb the attention of public authorities today. The bearing
of all this on public administration is that the future concerns and interests of
nations are likely to be very different from what they are today; and that these
changes will have an important impact on public administration.
One certain feature of the future trend of events is that public institutions will
continue to grow all over the world. The more highly developed countries will
expand their existing services, particularly those concerned with education, high-
ways, housing, public health, physical, social and economic planning, and urban
development, and will embark on new tasks such as those mentioned above. The
low-income countries are fully aware that the ambitious plans of economic and
social development which they have drawn up, and are pledged to carry out, can
only be realized with an efficient system of public administration.
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