English Words


FADS AND COPYCAT FORMATIONS



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Francis Katamba English Words

9.8
FADS AND COPYCAT FORMATIONS
Word-formation is subject to fashion. A word in vogue often gives rise to copycat formations which are
fashionable for a time, and then quickly become dated. Let us take the 1980s in-word yuppie (see p. 150). It
spawned a number of words formed by analogy, such as:
[9.17]
woppies
Wealthy Older Professional Persons
yummies
Young Upwardly Mobile Marxists
dinkies
Double-Income-No-Kids
nilkies
No-Income-Lots-of-Kids
Yuppie will probably survive. But it is unlikely that the other faddy words will still be in use in another ten
years. They already sound dated.
ENGLISH WORDS 127


9.9
BACK-FORMATION
Normally words are formed by adding affixes. Less commonly the reverse happens and a word is formed by
removing affixes from a base. This is called BACK-FORMATION. Typically this happens when there is an
apparent gap in the lexicon, i.e. there ‘ought to be’ a word from which an apparently affixed word is derived,
but there is not.
According to Marchand (1969), on whose work this account of back-formation is based, the verb peddle
was formed from the noun pedlar, and the verb juggle was formed from the noun juggler by a series of
deductive steps. If a noun meaning ‘someone who does X’ ends in [e] (spelled variously as -er/-or/-ar),
there exists a corresponding verb which is minus the suffix, e.g. keep ~ keeper, ride ~ rider etc. But in fact,
the verbs did not exist in the case of pedlar and juggler. So speakers formed them by dropping the suffixes
from the nouns.
Likewise, typewrite
Verb
was formed from typewriter
Noun
at the end of the nineteenth century by analogy to
write
Verb
writer
Noun
and the verb edit was derived in the eighteenth century from the noun editor using the
same analogical formation. And when the age of television dawned in the early twentieth century, the
language got the noun television first. There was a perceived need for a verb. So, the verb televise was
created from the noun television following the pattern of revise
Verb
revisionNoun.
Back-formation applies equally to compounds. The verb stagemanage is a back-formation from the noun
stage-manager.
So is the computer-age verb word-process which comes from the noun wordprocessor.

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