Obsolete Old English word
Current word
æeling
prince
d mend
judge
Loss does not always occur across the board. Words that have become obsolete in standard English may
survive in some dialects. Thus, according to the
OED, late Middle English
tonguey, meaning ‘loquacious’,
is still used in some dialects in America, but is lost elsewhere. The word
gigot, meaning ‘a leg of veal,
mutton etc.’ was borrowed from French in the sixteenth century. It is now generally obsolete—except in
Scotland where a
butcher will still sell you a gigot.
Change, be it in fashion, cultural, social or political institutions, values, science or technology, is a factor
in the loss of words. For example, because hardly any men (except a tiny minority of monks who are out of
the public eye) shave their heads to create a bald patch as part of a religious rite, the word
tonsure which
describes such a bald patch is no longer in current everyday use. In medieval times when the practice of
shaving
such bald patches was common,
tonsure was a useful word to have.
Similarly,
breeches, a word of
Norse origin, gradually fell into disuse
when fashion changed and trousers
replaced
breeches in the seventeenth century as the garment that covers the loins and legs. But
breeches was
retained for a longer time in the dialects of the North of England and in Scotland (where in some dialects it
survives as
breeks, meaning ‘trousers’).
The same points can be made about changes in social institutions. With the end of feudalism, a great
many words associated with it disappeared from common use and remain only in historical textbooks.
Outside books on medieval history, you are not going to find words like
bondsman, serf, steelbow and
vassal
. These
words are defined by the OED as follows:
bondsman
‘one who becomes surety by bond’.
serf `
a slave, bondman’.
steelbow
(Scottish Law) ‘a quantity of farming stock, which a tenant received from his landlord on
entering, and which he was bound to render up undiminished at the close of his tenancy’.
vassal
‘in the feudal system, one holding lands from a superior on conditions of homage and
allegiance’.
Scientific and technological terms too may become archaic when the technology to which they refer is
superseded. With the demise of alchemy and the rise of chemistry, the need for the term
alkahest (‘the
universal solvent’ used in experiments seeking to transmute base metals into gold) disappeared. In
technology similar cases also abound. For instance, in the 1780s the
spinning-jenny was stateof-the-art
technology. Now it is a museum piece. We only encounter the word ‘spinning-jenny’ in books on the
history of the Industrial Revolution.
The discussion here has concentrated on the loss of words. In fact, it is not just words that can be lost.
Languages also lose morphemes. For instance, in Old English, from the verb
d man ‘judge’ one could form
the noun
d mend ‘judge’; from the verb
hlan ‘save’ one could form the noun
hlend ‘saviour’, and so on.
Today, we cannot form a noun like
*kepend meaning
keeper from the verb
keep. The suffix
-end which was
used
in English to derive masculine, agentive nouns is now extinct.
ENGLISH WORDS 123