[9.6]
O! be some other name:
What’s in a name?
that which we call a rose
By any other
name would smell as sweet;
So
Romeo would, were he not Romeo call’d,
Retain that dear
perfection which he owes
Without that title.
(
Romeo and Juliet, II, ii)
This ARBITRARINESS OF THE LINGUISTIC SIGN (cf. Saussure 1916) has far-reaching implications.
Any meaning can be associated with any word-form. A word form already associated with one meaning can
be associated with additional meaning. This is especially clear when you consider the aspects of word
meaning below:
(a)
Homonymy, the use of the same form in speech and writing to convey different unrelated meanings is
common. For example, the form
tip represents a variety of meanings, including these based on the
OED:
(i) the slender, pointed end of a thing; (ii) the present or gratuity paid to an ‘inferior’ for services
rendered; (iii) private information that is shared with another person; (iv) a facility where waste is
dumped; (v) to fall by overbalancing. Thus, more and more meanings may be added to the language,
without more word-forms being added (cf. p. 22) e.g., originally you had the
chips that you ate. When
the
new word microchips was
shortened to chips, the language acquired a new homonym.
(b)
Homophony, the use of the same sounds (but not spelling) to represent different words occurs
frequently, e.g.
stair and
stare are both pronounced as [ste ]. In word-formation a new word may be
given a new and distinct orthographic form but in the spoken language it might be given an old
phonological wordform e.g.
bite and
byte are both pronounced as [baIt].
(c)
Polysemy, the same form can convey different but related meaning senses e.g.
stiff [stIf] meaning (i)
not pliant and (ii) too formal (cf. p. 22).
Cool originally meant ‘become less hot’. When jazz people
used it to mean ‘relaxed style’, the lexical item acquired a new sense.
In principle it should be easy to coin a new word-form any time the need to represent a particular lexical
meaning arises. Any sound or sound combination is as arbitrary as any other that can be used in its place to
represent a given meaning. In practice it is rare that completely fresh words are made up. Most of the time
an existing word-form is recycled to represent a new meaning. Metaphorically speaking, a word-form is a
vessel in which different measures of meaning can be poured without necessarily changing the vessel itself.
There are no scientific laws that govern how this is done. None the less, as we will see in the next few
subsections, there are some observable recurrent patterns in the ways in which the associations of sounds
with meanings change (see also Copley 1961 and Jackson 1988).
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