received enormous (and possibly disproportionate) rewards for their services on the money markets. It is
not known who coined it. But it caught on and for a time spawned numerous derivatives.
Imagine the year is 1987. You live in a run-down inner city Victorian neighbourhood of a British city
which over a relatively short period has begun to change in character. Instead of ramshackle cars parked in
the street, there have gradually appeared smart, high-powered German cars, with price tags to match. Many
terraced houses that have been grimy for years have received a lick of paint and their interiors have been
transformed by having fancy designer kitchens, bathrooms and stripped-pine furniture installed. Every
conceivable Victorian feature has also been restored. Outside, the pigeon lofts in the back gardens have
been replaced with bonsai trees, dwarf azaleas and children’s swings. Many of the cloth-capped men in blue
overalls and their matronly wives have been replaced by women and men in grey pinstriped suits who
clutch their briefcases, filofaxes, laptop computers and mobile phones when they leave for work in the
morning. You see all this and think to yourself, ‘The neighbourhood is undergoing
yuppification.’ You
regret the transformation and long for the good old days. You long for the day when something will happen
which might cause the
deyuppification of the neighbourhood and restore the place to its earlier state.
I expect you not to have encountered the words
yuppification and
deyuppification before now. They are
NONCE WORDS (words expressly coined for the first time and apparently used once) that are not
institutionalised. But I am confident that, nevertheless, you figured out their meaning instantly. You
analysed them as containing the root
yuppie and the suffixes
-fic meaning ‘make’ and
-ation, which derives
nouns of action. Given the context (and relevant context always does help), you knew that
yuppification of a
neighbourhood means turning it into a yuppie environment.
Deyuppification was equally easy to analyse.
The prefix
de- is a reversive verbal prefix meaning the undoing of whatever the verb means. So, you figured
that if
deyuppification happened, the yuppies (or their lifestyle) would be removed from the neighbourhood.
The moral of this story is that many complex MORPHOLOGICAL OBJECTS are compositional. They
need not be listed in the lexicon since their meaning can be worked out by anyone who knows the meaning
of their constituent elements. In this words such as
deyuppification differ from simple morphological
objects (morphemes or simple words e.g.
-ful, -ly, -less, zebra), which must be listed in the dictionary and
memorised since they contain no clues to their meanings.
The upshot of this discussion is that the listing of words in the lexicographers’ dictionaries that we buy
from bookshops are always partial. Even now, after
yuppification and
deyuppification have made their
début here, they are unlikely to be institutionalised in such dictionaries. All dictionaries are selective. While
no sensible lexicographer would omit obvious, commonly used, established words like
house or
travel,
there is a considerable degree of selection when it comes to novel or unusual words (e.g.
deyuppification)
which may have been encountered by the dictionary compiler very rarely, or as a one-off in a single
conversation.
Furthermore, many of the more esoteric technical terms or jargon used in various disciplines are often not
included in general dictionaries. (Standard dictionaries are extremely unlikely to tell you what
morphophonemics
or
allomorph mean, for example.)
The point that lexicographers are selective and that their dictionaries represent only a partial list of the
lexical items of a language merits closer investigation. The fact that it is not in the dictionary does not mean
it is not in the language.
Take the word unleaving, in Gerard Manley Hopkins’s poem ‘Spring and Fall’:
Margaret,
are you grieving
Over Goldengrove unleaving?
Leaves
like the things of man, you
104 ENGLISH WORDS
With
your fresh thoughts care for, can you?
Although
unleaving is attested here in the work of a major English poet, it is not recorded in the
OED. But
that does not mean that you cannot understand its meaning. Clearly, in the context
unleaving means a tree
shedding its leaves.
This puts a fresh complexion on things. Contrary to what many of us tend to believe (and are encouraged
to believe by word games like Scrabble) words are not ‘proper words’ by virtue of being listed in a
dictionary. Rather, words are proper words if they are linguistic signs which associate arbitrary sounds with
meanings in a manner that is sanctioned by the rule system of a particular language. We can distinguish
three types of word, and competence in a language must include a reasonable degree of ability to handle all
three of them.
First, there are the institutionalised words listed in dictionaries, e.g.
house. Second, there are
uninstitutionalised words that have been manifested in use, e.g.
unleaving and
deyuppification. Third, there
are potential words waiting to make their début as it were when a particular meaning is matched with a
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