English Words



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Bog'liq
Francis Katamba English Words

doctrinaire
is found in only a few existing words and is unlikely to be used in the formation of new ones.
Relatively few speakers recognise it as a suffix and its meaning is obscure. Nevertheless it is possible that it
is moribund rather than dead. It could still be taken off the shelf and dusted down and used to form new
words when the need arises. For instance, in the early 1990s those in British politics opposed to an ever
closer union of the states that make up the European Community used the term communautaire (borrowed
from French) as an insult for those firmly committed to the goal of European political unity. Although it is
not likely that the average speaker of English is aware of -aire being a suffix in communautaire, it is very
likely that those who use this term in political discourse, being quite erudite, are able to identify -aire as a
suffix here.
One of the intriguing phenomena in morphology is that acrossthe-board productivity in word-formation is
very rare. Often an otherwise general word-formation process is blocked in some circumstances. This is
particularly true in derivational morphology which tends to be less predictable than inflectional morphology.
Word-formation is often subject to various constraints which may be phonological, morphological or syntactic
(cf. Aronoff 1976, Katamba 1993).
Here we will limit the discussion to some phonological constraints. We will see how the affixation of an
otherwise productive affix may be inhibited for phonological reasons. We will illustrate this with the -al
78 A LEXICON WITH LAYERS


suffix which derives action nouns from verbs. According to Siegel (1974), for a verb base to be eligible for
the suffixation of -al, it must meet these phonological requirements:
(i) The verb base must end in a stressed syllable.
(ii) The verb base must end phonologically in either a vowel, or a single consonant, or at most two
consonants.
(iii) If the base does not end in a vowel, its final consonant must be made in the front of the mouth (i.e. it
must be a labial or alveolar consonant).
These conditions are exemplified in [6.12]. (Consider the pronunciation, not the spelling):
[6.12]
a.
-al
suffix after vowel-final bases trial denial betrayal renewal
b.
-al
after verb bases ending in a labial consonant revival arrival approval removal 
c.
-al
after verb bases ending in a dental or alveolar consonant
betrothal appraisal acquittal recital referral
d.
-al
after verb bases ending in a (alveolar) consonant preceded by another consonant
rehearsal dispersal reversal rental
However, if a verb ends in a palatal or velar consonant as in [6.13], suffixation of this -al is blocked:
[6.13]
*judgeal *attackal *approachal *rebukal *encroachal
The stress on the final syllable is always a vital factor. A base that otherwise meets the conditions for -al
suffixation will be ineligible if stress is not on the last syllable. Hence the ill-formedness of *`audital,
*`combatal
and *`limital.
As Siegel’s analysis predicts, a base like *a`ttemptal, which ends in a three-consonant cluster, cannot take
the suffix either even though it has got stress in the right place, on the final syllable.
Even then there are inexplicable exceptions. Some seemingly well-formed potential words are disallowed
although they appear to meet all the conditions. For instance, for no apparent reason, *con`testal, *e`scortal
and *a`llowal are not allowed through the net.

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