English Words


MORPHOLOGICAL INFORMATION IN THE LEXICON



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Francis Katamba English Words

6.2
MORPHOLOGICAL INFORMATION IN THE LEXICON
The lexicon needs to contain various kinds of morphological information. Words behave differently in the
language depending on the morphological subclasses they belong to. For instance, morphological rules
often apply to words marked as belonging to specified subclasses. Thus, with regard to number, in English
we need to know whether a particular word is a COUNT NOUN and has a plural form (e.g. tables, voices,
children
etc.) or a NON-COUNT NOUN that has no plural form (e.g. furniture, gold, music, etc.). Further,
we need to know whether a morpheme is native or of foreign origin as this may affect the range of
morphemes that can co-occur with it in words. For example, some affixes borrowed from French (e.g. -
aire
as in millionaire, communautaire, doctrinaire, solitaire) only combine with roots adopted from that
language.
6.3
SYNTACTIC INFORMATION IN THE LEXICON
We cannot think of word-formation in total isolation from the rest of the grammar. The lexicon is not
merely a list of the idiosyncratic syntactic properties of morphemes and lexical items. It is has to be much more
than that because much of the syntactic behaviour of words is predictable. For instance, normally if a
TRANSITIVE VERB (i.e. a verb that takes a direct object) can occur in sentences like the ones in [6.2a], it
can also occur in sentenes like those in [6.2b]:
[6.2]
a.
Active voice
b.
Passive voice
SUBJECT
VERB
DIRECT
SUBJECT
VERB
BY-NP
OBJECT
(AGENT)
The children
saw
the lions.
The lions
were seen
by the children.
The thief
stole
his money.
His money
was stolen
by the thief.
Robin
soaked
the clothes.
The clothes
were soaked
by Robin.
It is not a peculiarity of the verbs see, steal and soak that they appear in active and passive sentences.
This is a general characteristic of English verbs. So it should be captured by a general rule in the lexicon
stating that corresponding to a passive sentence there is an active sentence with a transitive verb preceded
70 A LEXICON WITH LAYERS


by the subject and followed by the direct object. In the passive sentence, the NP that would function as the
direct object in the active version of the sentence functions as the subject and precedes the verb, while the NP
that would be the subject if the sentence were in the active follows the verb and is part of an agent phrase
introduced by the preposition by (Bresnan 1982a). The verb itself also undergoes modification. A form of
the verb be is put before it and the past participle -en or -ed is attached to it. In brief, the lexicon suffix must
include the information needed to determine the syntactic behaviour of a word. Much of this information
will be applicable to more than one word. So it can be captured by rules like the passive rule which we have
just discussed. 

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