5.4
MADNESS WITHOUT METHOD: SUPPLETION
Occasionally, there is no method in the madness. This is so in a tiny minority of cases when SUPPLETION
takes place. Then the choice of the allomorphs of a root morpheme that serve in different grammatical
contexts is phonologically arbitrary: the allomorphs in question bear no phonological resemblance to each
other.
That is what happens in the case of the verb go, which has went as its past tense form and gone as its past
participle. The forms good, better and best which belong to the adjective good also show suppletion since
the relationship between the morphs representing the root morpheme is phonologically arbitrary. It would
plainly make no sense to claim that there is a single underlying representation in the dictionary from which
go
and went or good and better are derived. The best we can do is to content ourselves with listing these
allomorphs together under the same entry in the dictionary.
Normally, the word-forms representing the same lexeme show some phonetic similarity (see [5.9] for
example). However, when suppletion occurs, the word-form that realises a lexeme bears no reasonable
resemblance to the other word-forms representing the same lexeme.
Mercifully, the majority of words follow general rules (for example adding the suitable phonologically
conditioned allomorph of the plural /-z/ suffix) and word-forms belonging to the same lexeme are
phonologically similar to some degree. Acquiring a language for the most part involves working out these
general rules rather than using brute force to commit morphemes and their allomorphs to memory.
5.5
SUMMARY
In this chapter we have seen that many morphemes have several allomorphs. The selection of allomorph to
use on a given occasion may be conditioned by phonological, grammatical or lexical factors. Normally,
phonological conditioning is due to assimilation: the allomorph that occurs in a particular context is the one
that is most similar to the sounds found in neighbouring forms. However, the choice of allomorph is
sometimes grammatically conditioned. If a root morpheme occurs in a particular grammatical word, then it
must have a certain specified allomorph. Or, if an affix morpheme occurs with a given root, it may require
the selection of a given affix (lexical conditioning). Very occasionally, allomorphs may be selected
arbitrarily (suppletion).
Phonological conditioning is the commonest determinant of the distribution of allomorphs. When
allomorphs are phonologically conditioned, we can make general statements about their distribution by
positing an underlying representation of the morpheme which is entered in the lexicon from which the
various allomorphs are derived by rule.
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