Lecture 10.
Phraseology: Principles of Classification
(Antrushina G.B.,, English Lexicology, 1999)
ix.
gverdebi 241 – 259.
It would be interesting now to look at phraseological units from a different angle: How
are all these treasures of the language approached by the linguistic science? They must
be sorted out and arranged in certain classes which possess identical characteristics.
But which characteristics should be chosen as the main criteria for such a
classification system? The structural? The semantic? Those of degree of stability? Of
origin?
There exist a considerable number of different classification systems devised by
different scholars and based on different principles.
The traditional and the oldest principle for classifying phraseological units is based on
their original content and might be alluded to as “thematic”” (although the term is not
universally accepted). The approch is widely used in numerous English and American
guides to idiom, phrase books, etc. On this principle, idioms are classified according to
their sources of origin, “source” referring to the particular sphere of human activity, of
life of nature, of natural phenomena, etc. L.Smith gives in his classification groups of
idioms used by sailors, fishermen, soldiers, hunters and associated with the realia,
phenomena and conditions of their occupations. In smith’s classification we also find
groups of idioms associated with domestic and wild animals and birds, agriculture and
cooking. There are also numerous idioms drawn from sports, arts, etc.
We can single out the following groups:
body parts
1.If you are feeling nervous, you might say you have butterflies in your stomach
2.If something costs a lot, it costs an arm and a leg
3.If someone does not dance well or is clumsy, they have two left feet
4.If something is very near you and you are close to finding it, it is right under your nose
5.If you need to hurry up, someone might tell you to shake a leg
6.If someone wants you to be quiet, they may tell you to zip your lip
7.If someone needs help, you can give them a hand
8.If something is teasing you, they are pulling your leg
9.If you want someone to know that you are listening carefully, you can say that you’re all ears
10.If someone is not very good at something, they are all thumbs
11.If someone blabs or talks too much, they have a big mouth.
12.If something is very expensive, you might have to pay through the nose.
13.If something is bothering you and you need to tell someone, you need to get it off your chest.
Body Parts
1.If you took too much food than you could eat, maybe your eyes were bigger than your
stomach
2.If you cannot quite think of a word but almost get it, that word is on the tip of your tongue.
3.If you are getting nervous about doing something, you are getting cold feet.
4.If something is really bothering you, you might say to them, “Get off back”.
5.If something really annoys you, they get on your nerves.
6.If you accidentally said something that might have hurt someone else’s feeling or embarrassed
someone, you might have put your foot in your mouth.
7.If someone wants you to think hard about something, they may tell you to use your head.
8.If you need to be careful of what you say, you will need to watch your mouth.
9.If you think of something quickly, you think of it off the top of your head.
Animals
1.If someone is crying but the tears aren’t real, they are crying crocodile tears.
2.If someone is really good at playing cards, they might be called a card (shark)
3.If you give away a secret or a surprise, you let the cat out of the bag.
4.If someone is being difficult to teach or doesn’t want to do things differently, you might say
that you can’t teach an old dog new tricks.
5.If someone does not want you to get too excited about something, they might tell you, “Don’t
have a cow.
6.If you need to be brave or bald about something, you need to take the bull by the horns.
7. If something is harmless, you can say that it wouldn’t hurt a fly/flea
8.If someone told you something directly and you did not hear it from someone else, it came
straight from the horse (‘s) mouth.
9.If you want to save time and get two things done at the same time, you can kill 2 birds with one
stone.
10.If someone is afraid of something, they might be called a scared cat
11.If you are in trouble, you are in the dog house.
12.If you cannot sit still, you might say the person has ants in his pants.
13.If you are very hungry, you might say that you are so hungry you could eat a horse.
14.If you eat too much someone might say that you pigged/pig.
15.If it’s raining hard, you can say it’s raining cats and dogs.
16.If you stop something suddenly, you stop cold turkey.
17.If someone isn’t really that young anymore, you can say that they have a frog in their throat.
18. If you don’t want to tell someone where you heard information from, you can say that a little
bird told you.
19.If someone does not see well, they might say that they are as blind as a bat.
Colours
1.If you are embarrassed, you might turn as red as beet.
2.Is someone is really scared, they might look as white as ghost.
3.If you want to treat someone very nicely, you roll out the red carpet.
4.If someone approves or ok’s what you can do, they give you the green light.
5.If you tell something that is not true and won’t hurt anyone, you tell a white lie.
6.If you are jealous of something or somebody, you are green.
7.If something does not happen very often, it happens once in a blue moon.
8.If someone feels like they don’t belong to a group, they feel like a black sheep.
9.If something looks better than someone else is doing, they might say that the grass is always
greener on the other side.
10.If you are feeling sad, you are feeling blue
11.If someone is born rich, you can say that they were born with a silver spoon in their mouth.
12.If you are good at growing, you have a green thumb.
13.If something really pleases you, you are tickled pink.
Another principle of classification is sometimes called “etymological”.
Here are some examples:
To be all at sea – to be unable to understand; to be in a state of ignorance or
bewilderment about something (e.g. how can I be a judge in a situation in which I’M all
at sea?” Collins remarks that the metaphor is that of a boat tossed about, out of control,
with its occupants not knowing where they are.
To sink or swim – to fail or succeed (e.g. It is a cese of sink or swim).
In deep water – in trouble or danger.
In low water, on the rocks – in strained financial circumstances.
To be in the same boat with somebody – to be in a situation in which people share
the same difficulties and dangers (e.g. I don’ t like you much, but seeing that we are in
the same boat, I’ll back you all I can). The metaphor is that of passengers in the life-
boat of a sunken ship.
To sail under false colours – to pretend to be what one is not, sometimes, to pose
as a friend and, at the same time, have hostile intentions. The metaphor is that of an
enemy ship that approaches its intended prey showing at the mast the flag (“colours”) of
a pretended friendly nation.
To show one’s colours – to betray one’s real character or intentions. The allusion is,
once more, to a ship showing the flag of its country at the mast.
To strike one’s colours – to surrender, give in. the metaphor refers to a ship’s hauling
down its flag (sign of surrender).
To weather (to ride out) the storm – to overcome difficulties; to have courageously
stood against misfortunes.
To bow to the storm – to give in, to acknowledge one’s defeat.
Three sheets in(to) the wind (sl.) – very drunk.
Half seas over (sl.) – very drunk.
As you can see distant memories of the sea romance and adventure still linger in
some of the idioms. They bring to mind the distant past of pirates, sea battles and great
discoveries of new lands.
It is true that original associations are almost fully forgotten. And yet, are we entirely
free from the picture built up by the direct meanings of the words? If it were really so
and all the direct associations of the idioms had been entirely erased, phraseology
would not constitute one of the language’s main expressive resources. Its
expressiveness and and wealth of colour largely – if not solely – depend on the ability of
an idiom to create two images at once: that of a ship safely coming out of the storm –
and that of a man overcoming his troubles and difficulties (to weather\ride out the
storm);
The thematic principle of classifying phraseological units has real merit but it does
not take into consideration the linguistic characteristic features of them.
The considerable contribution in phraseological research was made by prominent
scholar v.Vinogradov. His classification system is founded on the degree of semantic
cohesion between the components of a phraseological unit. Units with a partially
transferred meaning show the weakest cohesion between their components. The more
distant the meaning of a phraseological unit from the current meaning of its constituent
parts, the greater is its degree of semantic cohesion. Accordingly, Vinogradov classifies
phraseological units into three classes: phraseological combinations, unities, and
fusions.
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