Conversion
When in a book-review a book is referred to as a splendid read, is read to be
regarded as a verb or a noun? What part of speech is room in the sentence: I was to
room with another girl called Jessie. If a character in a novel is spoken about as one
who had to be satisfied with the role of a has-been, what is this odd-looking has-been, a
verb or a noun? One must admit that it has quite a verbal appearance, but why, then, is
it preceded by the article?
Why is the word
if
used in the plural form in the popular proverb: If ifs and ans were
pots and pans (an = if, dial., arch.)
This type of questions naturally arise when one deals with words produced by
conversion, one of the most productive ways of modern English word-building.
Conversion is sometimes referred to as an affixless way of word-building or even
affixless derivation. Saying that, however, is saying very little because there are other
types of word-building in which new words are also formed without affixes (most
compounds, contracted words, sound-imitation words, etc.).
Conversion consists in making a new word form some existing word by changing the
category of a part of speech, the morphemic shape of the original word remaining
unchanged. The new word has a meaning which differs from that of the original one
though it can more or less be easily associated with it. It has also a new paradigm
peculiar to its new category as a part of speech.
nurse, n. > to nurse, v.
Substantive paradigm -s, pl.
Verbal paradigm -s,3
rd
p. sg.
-‘s, poss.c.,
-ed, past indef.,
-s’, poss.c., pl. past part..
-ing, pres. part
gerund
The question of conversion has, for a long time, been a controversial one in several
aspects. The very essence of this process has been treated by a number of scholars
(H.Sweet), not as a word-building act, but as a mere functional change. From this point
of view the word hand in Hand me that book is not a verb, but a noun used in a verbal
syntactical function, that is, hand (me) and hands (in She has small hands) are not two
different words but one. Hence, the case cannot be treated as one word-formation for
no new word appears.
According to this functional approach, conversion may be regarded as a specific
feature of the English categories of parts of speech, which are supposed to be able to
break through the rigid borderlines dividing one category from another thus enriching
the process of communication not by creation of new words but through the sheer
flexibility of the syntactic structures.
Nowadays this theory finds increasingly fewer supporters, and conversion is
universally accepted as one of the major ways of enriching English vocabulary with new
words. One of the major arguments for this approach to conversion is the semantic
change that regularly accompanies each instance of conversion. Normally, a word
changes its syntactic function without any shift in lexical meaning. E.g. both in “yellow
leaves” and in the “the leaves were turning yellow” the adjective denotes colour, but the
process of changing colour, so that there is an essential change in meaning.
The change of meaning is even more obvious in such pairs as hand > to hand, face
> to face, to go> a go, to make > a make, etc
The other argument is the regularity and completeness with which converted units
develop a paradigm of their new category of part of speech. As soon as it has crossed
the category borderline, the new word automatically acquires all the properties of the
new category, so that if it has entered the verb category, it is now regularly used in all
the forms of tense and it also develops the forms of the participle and the gerund. Such
regularity can hardly be regarded as indicating a mere functional change which might be
expected to bear more occasional characteristics. The completeness of the paradigms
in new conversion formations seems to be a decisive argument proving that here we are
dealing with new words and not with mere functional variants. The data of the more
reputable modern English dictionaries confirm this point of view: they all present
converted pairs as homonyms, i.e. as two words, thus supporting the thesis that
conversion is a word-building process.
Conversion is not only a highly productive but also a particularly English way of
word-building. Its immense productivity is considerably encouraged by certain features
of the English language in its modern stage of development. The analytical structure of
Modern English greatly facilitates processes of making words of one category of parts of
speech from words of another. So does the simplicity of paradigms of English parts of
speech. A great number of one-syllable words is another factor in favour of conversion,
for such words are naturally more mobile and flexible than polysyllables.
Conversion is a convenient and “easy” way of enriching the vocabulary with new
words. It is certainly an advantage to have two (or more) words where there was one, all
of them fixed on the same structural and semantic base.
The high productivity of conversion finds its reflection in speech where numerous
occasional cases of conversion can be found, which are not registered by dictionaries
and which occur momentarily, through the immediate need of the situation. “If anybody
oranges me again tonight, I’ll knock his face off”, says the annoyed character of a story
by O’Henry when a shop-assistant offers him oranges (for the tenth time in one night)
instead of peaches for which he is looking. One is not likely to find the verb to orange in
any dictionary, but in this situation it answers the need for brevity, expressiveness and
humour.
The very first example, which opens the section on conversion in this chapter (the
book is a splendid read), though taken from a book-review, is a nonce-word, which may
be used by reviews now and then or in informal verbal communication, but has not yet
found its way into the universally acknowledged English vocabulary.
Such examples as these show that conversion is a vital and developing process that
penetrates contemporary speech as well. Subconsciously every English speaker
realizes the immense potentiality of making a word into another part of speech when the
need arises.
* * *
One should guard against thinking that every case of noun and verb (verb and
adjective, adjective and noun) with the same morphemic shape results from conversion.
There are numerous pairs of words (e.g. love – to love, work - to work , drink – to drink,
etc.) which did not occur due to conversion but coincided as a result of certain historical
processes (dropping of endings, simplification of stems) when before that they had
different forms. On the other hand, it is quite true that the first cases of conversion
(which were registered in the 14
th
century)imitated such pairs of words as love – to love,
for they were numerous in the vocabulary and were subconsciously accepted be native
speakers as one of the typical language patterns.
* * *
The two categories of parts of speech especially affected by conversion are nouns
and verbs. Verbs made from nouns are the most numerous amongst the words
produced by conversion: e.g. to hand, to back, to face, to eye, to mouth, to nose, to dog,
to wolf, to monkey, to can, to coal, to stage, to screen, to room, to floor, to blackmail, to
blacklist, to honeymoon, and very many others.
Nouns are frequently made from verbs: do (e.g. This is the queerest do I’ve ever
come across,. Do – event, incident), go (e.g. He has still plenty of go at his age. Go –
energy), make, run, find, catch, cut, walk, worry, show, move, etc.
Verbs can also be made from adjectives: to pale, to yellow, to cool, to grey, to rough
(e.g. We decided to rough it in the tents as the weather was warm), etc.
Other parts of speech are not entirely unsusceptible to conversion as the following
examples show: to down, to out, (Diplomatist Ousted from Budapest), the ups and
downs, the ins and outs; the like of me and the like of you).
1.Лексикология английского языка – Г.Б. Антрушина, 1999.
(Antrushina G.B.,, English
Lexicology, 1999)
ix. gverdebi 78 - 91.
2.
http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAffixation.htm
3.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affix
4.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_(linguistics)
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