The So-Called “Degeneration” (“Degradation”) and “Elevation” of Meaning
These terms are open to question because they seem to imply that meanings can
become “better” or “worse” which is neither logical nor plausible. But, as a matter-of-
fact, scholars using these terms do not actually mean the degeneration or elevation of
meaning itself, but of the referent onto which a word is transferred, so that the term is
inaccurate.
Now let us see what stands behind the examples of change of meaning which are
traditionally given to illustrate the degeneration or elevation of meaning.
I.’’ Degeneration” of meaning
knave: boy > swindler, scoundrel
Villain: farm-servant > base, vile person
Gossip: god parent > the one who talks scandals, etc.
Semantically speaking the second meaning developed a negative evaluative
connotation which was absent in the first meaning.
Such cases can be observed in other parts of speech:
E.g. Silly: happy > foolish
II.”Elevation” of meaning.
Fond: foolish > loving, affectionate
Nice: foolish > fine, good.
In these two cases the situation is reversed: the first meaning has a negative evalutive
connotation, and the second meaning has not. It is difficult to see what is actually
“elevated” here. Certainly, not the meaning of the word. Here are two more examples:
Tory: brigand, highwayman > member of the Tories
Knight: manservant > noble, courageous man
In the case of Tories, the first meaning has a negative connotation which is absent in
the second one. But why ‘elevation”? Semantically speaking the first meaning is just as
good as the second, and the difference lies only in the connotative structure.
The case of knight, if treated linguistically, is quite opposite to Tory: the second
meaning acquired a positive evaluative connotation that was absent in the first meaning.
So, here, once more, we are faced with a mere readjustment of the connotative
components of the word.
There are also some traditional examples of “elevation”:
Marshal: manservant attending horses > the highest rank in the army
Lord: master of the house, head of the family > baronet
Lady: mistress of the house, married woman > wife or daughter of baronet.
In these three words the second meaning developed due to the process of
transference based on contiguity. Lord and lady are also examples of narrowing of
meaning if we compare the range of the original and of the resultant meanings. No
connotations of evaluation can be observed in either of the meanings. The fact that in all
these three cases the original meaning denoted a humble ordinary person and the
second denotes a person of high rank is absolutely extralinguistic.
All that has been said and the examples that have been given show that the terms
“degradation” and “elevation” of meaning are imprecise and do not seem to be an
objective reflection of the semantic phenomena they describe.
1.Лексикология английского языка – Г.Б. Антрушина, 1999.
(Antrushina G.B.,, English
Lexicology, 1999)
ix.gverdebi 147 – 164.
2.
http://www.infohub.com/FORUMS/showthread.php?t=4015
3.
http://grammar.about.com/od/ab/g/broadenterm.htm
4.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_change#Types_of_language_change
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