English grammar

A mmo quyidagi otlar jins ko’rsatadi.

Masculine	Feminine
actor	Actress
Bridegroom	Bride
King	Queen
Hero	Heroine
Host	Hostess
Prince	Princess
Waiter	Waitress
Widower	Widow
Duke	Duchess
Steward	Stewardess
Emperor	Empress
Gentleman	Lady
Master	Mistress
Nephew	Niece
Wizard	Witch

NOTE: -ess, -ress qo’shimchalari bilan tugaydigan otlar asosan jenskiy rodga mansub bo’ladi.

Ex: actress, lioness, princess, stewardess, tigress, waitress.

Ham murskoy rod ham jenskiy rod bo’lmagan otlar sredniy rod deyiladi va unaday roddaga otlarga quyidagilar kiradi.

Ex: bench, leaves, mirror, fire, sky, wind, floor, rock, cake.

Sanaladigan va Sanalmaydigan Otlar

(Countable and Uncountable Nouns).

Donalab sanaladigan otlar qismlarga bo’linganda nomlari o’zgarib ketadigan otlardir. Ko’plik va birlik shakllariga ega bo’lgan, donalab sanashimiz mumkin bo’lgan otlar hisoblanadi. Ular ko’plik qo’shimchasini “s” ni oladi.

Ex: book – books computer - computers

pen – pens boy – boys

Donalab sanalmaydigan otlar birlik shakliga ega bo’lgan va donalab sanab bo’lmaydigan otlardir.

Ex: love, freedom, water, coffee, silver.

Sanalmaydigan otlar ro’yhati.

Sanaladigan otlar miqdorini ko’rsatishda miqdor ko’rsatadigan brikmalar ishlatiladi. Bu brikmalar sanaladigan ot bo’lib kelib mana shu ot bilan moslashadi.

a piece of chocolate	A packet of rice/tea
a grain of rice	A spoon of sugar
a glass of water	A bag of flower
a bottle of juice	A loaf of bread
a jar of jam/honey	A cup of tea
a rasher of bacon	A piece of news
a sheet of paper	A piece of jewelry
a quart of milk

Miqdor ko’rsatuvchi brikmalar ko’plik otlar bilan ham ishlatilishi mumkin.

Ex: 2 kilos of tomatoes is enough for salad.

Miqdor brikmalar oldida keluvchi noaniq artikl kontekstga ko’ra boshqa ko’rsatkichlar bilan ham almashishi mumkin.

Ex: The kilo of apples which you brought is on the table.

Sanalmaydigan otlarning ba’zilari ma’nosini o’zgartirib sanaladigan ko’plik va juftlik otlarga o’zgarishi mumkin.


Sanaladigan otlar birlikda albatta biror bir ko’rsatkich bilan ishlatilishi shart. Hech qachon yolg’iz ishlatilmaydi.

KO’RSATKICHAR (DETERMINERS)

A/ an/ the

This/ that/ those

Some/ any/ no

My/ yours/ ‘S (Tom’s)

Each/ every

What/ which/ whose
Ko’plik otlar va sanalmaydigan otlar ko’rsatkichsiz yoki kontekstga ko’ra quyidagi ko’rsatkichlar bilan kelishi mumkin.

BIRLIK FE’LI BILAN MOSLASHUVCHI OTLAR.

A. Fan nomlar ex: economics, physics, politics.

B. Sport o’yinlari nomlar ex: gymnastics, bowls, athletics.

C. O’yin nomlari ex: dominos ……

D. Kasallik nomlari ex: mums, meathless

E. pul, vaqt, og’irlik va masofa birliklari birlikagi fe’l bilan moslashadi.

Ex: Twenty thousand dollars is not enough to buy a castle.
KO’PLIK FE’LI BILAN MOSLASHUVCHI OTLAR. (Pair Nouns)

1.trousers 5.gloves 9.earings 13.googles 17.jeans

2.binocles 6.phyjames 10.socks 14.pliers 18.pants

3.shorts 7.tiests 11.scissors 15.binoculars 19.sandals

4.shoes 8.glasss 12.slippers 16.spectacles 20.stockings
QO’SHMA OTLARDA KO’PLIK.

1. Noun + noun Ex: tooth brush – tooth brushes

2. Ing + Noun Ex: reading lamp – reading lamps

3. Adjective + Noun Ex: green house – green houses

4. Noun + in low Ex: mother in-low – mothers in-low

5. Noun + Adverb Ex: rounder up – rounders up

6. Verb + Adverb Participle Ex: break through – break throughs

JAMLOVCHI OTLAR (GROUP NOUNS)

Odatda umumiy ma’lumot berishda yoki bir butunlik sifatida qaralganda birlik fe’l bilan moslashadi. Tarkibidagi shaxslarni nazarda tutganda ko’plik fe’l bilan moslashadi.

Ex: My family is not so big.

My family all are interested in football.

Jamlovchi otlarga quyidagilar kiradi:

1.people 6.group 11.gang 16.flock

2.the police 7.team 12.band 17.herd

3.cattle 8.choir 13.bunch 18.litter

4.poultry 9.class 14.deck 19.pod

5.family 10.audience 15.fleet 20.pack
Juft fe’llar ko’plik fe’l bilan moslashadi va ko’plik olmosh (they…) bilan almashadi.

Ex: Give me scissors = (them).