English grammar

introductory verb	direct speech
reported speech
+ to - inf
agree	'Yes, I'll lend you the money.'	He agreed to lend me the money.
claim	I saw the robbers.'	He claimed to have seen the robbers.
demand	'Give me the money.'	He demanded to be given the money.
offer	'Would you like me to help you?'	He offered to help me.
promise	I'll return the book to you soon.'	He promised to return the book to me soon.
refuse	'No, I won't call her.'	He refused to call her.
threaten	Stop shouting or I'll punish you.'	He threatened to punish her if she didn't stop shouting.
+ sb + to - Inf
advise	'You should eat more fruit.'	He advised me to eat more fruit.
allow	You can go to the party.'	He allowed me to go to the party.
ask	Could you do me a favour?'	He asked me to do him a favour.
beg	'Please, please don't hurt me.'	He begged them not to hurt him.
command	'Put your hands up.'	He commanded them to put their hands up.
forbid	You mustn't stay out late.'	He forbade me to stay out late.
invite	'Will you come to my wedding?'	He invited me to (go to) his wedding.
order	'Go to your room!'	He ordered me to go to my room.
remind	Don't forget to buy some milk.'	He reminded me to buy some milk.
warn	'Don't touch the iron.'	He warned me not to touch the iron.
+ -ing form
accuse sb of	'You committed the crime.'	He accused her of committing/having committed the crime.
* admit (to)	Yes, I gave away your secret.'	He admitted (to) giving/having given away my secret.
apologise for	I'm sorry I'm late.'	He apologized for being late.
* boast about/of	'I'm the best student in my class.'	He boasted about/of being the best student in his class.
complain to sb of	'I have noisy neighbours.'	He complained of having noisy neighbour.
*deny	'No, I didn't use your computer.'	He denied using/having used my computer.
insist on	You must finish by Friday.'	He insisted on me/my finishing by Friday.
* suggest	'Let's go out to dinner.'	He suggested going out to dinner.
explain to sb how+ that -clause	'That's how it works.'	He explained to us how it worked.
explain	'I don't like him because he's rude.'	She explained that she didn't like him because he was rude.
inform sb	The results will come out tomorrow.'	He informed us that the results would come out the next day
exclaim/remark	What a glorious day!'	He exclaimed/remarked that it was a glorious day.

Would you like some tea?

He offered me some tea.

Ko’chirma gap anglatgan ma’no bosh gap kesimiga tushadi. Ko’chirma gap esa infinitive, gerund, noun bilan beriladi.

Ex: 1. Yes, I’ll lend you the money.

He agreed to lend me the money.

2. You should eat more fruit.

He adviced me to eat more fruit.

3. I’m sorry I’m late.

She apologized for being late.

O’zlashtirma gaplarda gap turiga qarab bosh gap kesimi quyidagicha bo’lishi mumkin.

Ex: He promised that we could play tennis.


Ex:

Ex:

His-hayajon gaplarni o’zlashtirma gapga aylanishi.

What a/an, how kabi his-hayajon gaplar o’zlashtirma gaplarda exclaim bilan tanishtiriladi yoki beriladi.

Ex: What an unusual design.

He exclaimed that the design was unusual.
“Splainded”, “Great!”, “Good”, “ Oh! My God”, “Oh! My dear” kabi his-hayajon gaplar give an exclaimation of surprise/disgust/realize kabi so’zlar bilan beriladi.

Ex: “Wow” he said as unwraiped his gift.

He gave an exclaimation of surprise as unwraiped his gift.

They said “Thank you”. – They thanked us.

“You are stupid” she said. – She called him stupid.

“Happy birthday” we said to him. – We wished him a happy birthday.

“Yes” he said. – He agreed.

Tinglovchini suhbatga tortish uchun yoki so’zlovchini o’zi berayotgan ma’lumotga oydinlik kiritish maqsadida beriladi.

Ex: She is a student, isn’t she?

1 . S₁ + , S₁ ?

Ex: He ____, he _____ ?

Judy ____, she _____ ?

Skating ____, it _____ ?

There is ____, isn’t ____?

Everybody, nobody, somebody ____, they____?
2. S₁ +auxl _____, ____ auxl

Ex: She can speak English, can’t she?

She spoke English, didn’t she?

3. Agar gapda seldom, rarely, barely, barely, scarscely, hardly, never bo’lsa gap inkor hisoblanadi.

Ex: He hardly speaks English, does he?

BUUT: I like coffee without any sugar, don’t I?
4. “HAVE”

A) have V₃ = I have finished my work, haven’t I ?

B) have got (bor) = I have got a book, haven’t I ?

C) have got to = must = I have got to go, haven’t I ?

D) have (bor) = I have a car, don’t i?/ haven’t I ?

E) have mustaqil fe’l bo’lib keladi quyidagi brikmalar bilan.

T o have dinner

To have shower

To have rest +

To have chat

To have tea

To have a headache

Tag Question ga javob berish.

1. Kundalik hayotga oid bo’lgan tag question ga odatda quyidagicha javob beriladi:

Ex: You don’t look good, do you ? No, I don’t.

It is raining hard, isn’t it? Yes,it is.

2. Faktga asoslangan tag question larga esa quyidagicha javob beriladi.

a) Bo’lishli ma’lumot berilayotgan bo’lsa, yes, no javoblari o’zini ma’nosida bo’ladi.

Ex: Putin is the President of Paris, isn’t he?

• 
  No, he is not.
  

b) Agar ma’lumot inkorda bo’lsa, NO –fikrga qo’shilish, YES – fikrni inkor etish ma’nosida qo’llaniladi.

Ex: Toshkent is not capital of Uzbekistan, is it?

• 
  Yes, it is.
  

Sevara Nazarxon is not an actrees, is she?

• 
  No, she is.
  

NOTE: So’zlovchi berayotgan ma’lumotga tinglovchi tomonidan savol berish.

1) A: + B - ? 2) A: - B + ?

Ex: 1) A: He is a teacher. 2) A: I work here.

B: Is he? B: Do you?
So am I / Neither am I

1. Agar gap bo’lishli bo’lsa:

Ex: 1. She can speak English 2. He is a student. 3. I had to go.

-So, can Nick. Judy too. So, did I.
2. Agar gap inkorda bo’lsa:

Ex: 1. My mother doesn’t like sweets.

• 
  Neither/nor , do I = I don’t either
  

2. He hardly goes to school.

• 
  Neither/nor, does Nick = he doesn’t either
  

Eng ko’p qo’llanadigan ot yasovchi qo’shimchalar.

-ment argument	-ure, -ture fixture, departure	-ee consignee
-once,-ence appearence	-y, -ery, -ory delivery, discovery	-ness cleaness
-anse, -ense importance,	-age carriage, marriage	-t joint, compaint
-er, -ar, -er actor, begger, dancer	-y, -ty, - ity cruelty, equality	-ing building, greeting
-ist, -ant, -ent servant	-ion direction, application	-dom freedom, kingdom

• 
  Jins ko’rsatadigan otlar (Masculine and Feminine Nouns)
  
• 
  Sanaladigan va sanalmaydigan otlar ( Countable and Uncountable Nouns)
  
• 
  Birlik va ko’plikdagi otlar (Singular and Plural Nouns)
  
• 
  Jamlovchi otar (Colective Nouns)
  

Jins ko’rsatadigan otlar

(Masculine and Feminine Nouns)

Ingliz tilida jins ko’rsatadigan otlar bo’lgani uchun ular quyidagi turlarga bo’linib o’rganiladi.

• 
  Masculine nouns – murskoy roddagi otlar
  
• 
  Feminine nouns – jenskiy roddagi otlar
  
• 
  Neuter nouns – sredniy roddagi otlar
  
• 
  Common- gender nouns – umumiy roddagi otlar
  

Ko’pgina ijtimoiy mavqe, kasb ko’rsatuvchi va ba’zi bir otlar jins ko’rsatmaydi va har ikkala rod uchun bir xil ishlatilaveradi. (Common-gender nouns)

E x: doctors, teachers, dancers, hairdressers, designers, parents, pupils.