English grammar

NOTE: Look, feel, hurt, ache (og’riq without “a”) gapirilayotgan vaqtda sodir bo’layotganini ko’rsatish uchun Present simple va Present continuous shakli farqsiz ishlatiladi..

Ex: You look great today. = You are looking great today.

NOTE: Noun + Preposition (of, in, at, among, on) + Noun + Verb

Ex: The legs of this table are blue.

THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE .

S +

HAVE / HAS +

V3

• 
  I have done. We have done.
  
• 
  You have done. You have done.
  
• 
  He/she/it has done. They have done.
  

S +

HAVE/ HAS +

NOT +

V3

• 
  I have not done. We have not done.
  
• 
  You have not done. You have not done.
  
• 
  He/she/it has done. They have not done.
  

HAVE/HAS +

S +

V3

• 
  Have I done? Have we done?
  
• 
  Have you done? Have you done?
  
• 
  Has he/she/it done? Have they done?
  

1-Qoida: O’tgan zamonda noma’lum vaqtda bajarilgan va gapirilayotgan vaqtgacha tugallangan ish-harakatni ko’rsatadi. Ish-harakatning aniq bajarilgan vaqti berilmaydi. Chunki bajarilgan vaqt berilayotgan ma’lumot uchun muhim emas yoki noma’lum.

Ex: The Tailors have bought a new boat.

2-Qoida: Natijasi hozirgi zamonda ko’rinib turgan, yaqin o’tgan zamonda bajarilgan ish-harakatni ko’rsatadi.

Ex: 1) I’m very happy. I have entered the university.

NOTE: Present continuous odatda ushbu zamon uchun signal vazifasini o’taydi­.

Ex: 1) Tom has lost his wallet. He is looking for it now.
2) The taxi hasn't arrived. We’re still waiting for it.
3) My hand is blooding. I have cut it.



3-Qoida: Present perfect biror shaxsning hayoti davomida sodir bo’lgan (qachon bajarilgani muhim emas) ish harakatlarni ko’rsatadi. Bunda odatda once, twice, three times, son + ot, a lot so’zlari bilan ushbu ish harakatlar necha marotaba bajarilganini this/it is the first/second/third… time so’zlari bilan nechanchi marotaba bajarilayotganini, never bilan hech qachon bajarilmaganini, ever, how much, how many or how many times bilan esa ushbu ish harakatlarni bajarganligini so’rash uchun ishlatiladi.

Ex: 1. I've been to the States twice.

2 . How many books have you read?

3. Have you ever had an operation? (At any time in your life up to now)

4. How many times has he been married? (In his life)

5. Have you ever been to Australia?

6. I have never tried pizza before. It is very nice.

6. This is the first time I’ve driven a car
AMMO: ish-harakatning aniq vaqtda bajarilganini ko’rsatish uchun Past Simple dan foydalaniladi.

Ex: I went to Tashkent 2 weeks ago.


4. Qoida: YANGILIKLAR

1. 
   Yaqin o’tgan zamonda gapirilayotgan muhitda sodir bo’lgan ish harakatni ifodalashda ishlatiladi.
   

Ex: 1) Oh, I have broken my leg. 2) I have done my homework. 3) I have broken my pen. Could you give me yours.

2. 
   Olamshumul yangiliklarni ifodalashda ham ishlatiladi. Ex: 1) Our sportsmen have won gold medal in the recent competition.
   2) Have you heard? The Prime Minister has resigned.
   3) Police have arrested two men in connection with the robbery.
   

NOTE: Biroq yangiliklar tafsiloti Past simple yoki Past continuousda beriladi.

Ex: I have met an old friend of mine. I came across with him in the train on the way here. He was coming to the conference.
NOTE: Ish harakatning qachon bajarilagnini so’rash yoki bajarilgan vaqti aniq bo’lgan ish harakatlar past simple da beriladi. Ex: When did you meet your friend?

5. Qoida: ish-harakat hali tugamagan bo’lsa ham, uning tugallangan qismi haqida ma’lumot berish present perfect bilan beriladi. Va bu qoidada today/ this week/ so far.. ravishlari ishlatiladi.

Ex: 1) I’m reading an interesting book now. I’ve read 100 pages.
2) She has already written 3 pages based on her theme.
3) I’ve taken 5 photos today.

6. Qoida: Doimiy holat va vaziyatni ko’rsatuvchi fe’llar (be, like, live, teach, work) always bilan ishlatilganda Present perfect shaklida keladi va gapga urg’u beriladi.

Ex: I have always lived in Fergana.

Have/has been to	Bo’lib qaytgan. Ex: She has been to the cinema.
Have/has gone to	Ketgan, hali qaytgani yo’q. Ex: I have been to London.