Encyclopedia of Islam

1980–89

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  Iran-Iraq War.

1980

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  Execution of Ayatollah Muhammad Baqir al-

Sadr, leading Shii authority in Iraq.

1981

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  Assassination of Egyptian president Anwar al-

Sadat by radical Islamists.

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Encyclopedia of  Islam

1982

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  Israeli invasion of Lebanon; Hizbullah founded 

in Lebanon.

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  Supreme Council for Islamic Revolution in Iraq 

founded with Iranian support.

1987–93

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  First Palestinian intifada against Israeli occu-

pation.

1987

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  Hamas founded in Gaza.

1988

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  Naguib Mahfouz, Egyptian author, wins the 

Nobel Prize for literature.

¶

  Salman Rushdie publishes The Satanic Verses,

sparking Muslim protests around the world.

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  Al-Qaida founded in Afghanistan.

1989

¶

  Death of Ayatollah Khomeini, Shii religious 

scholar and revolutionary leader; Ayatollah Ali 

Khamenei becomes supreme leader of Iran.

¶

  Death of Fazlur Rahman, leading Islamic scholar 

in the United States.

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  Soviets withdraw from Afghanistan.

1990

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  Iraqi forces at the command of President Sad-

dam Husayn invade and annex Kuwait, causing 

Gulf War I.

1991

¶

  United States leads international coalition forces 

in a successful campaign to expel Iraqi forces 

from Kuwait.

1994

¶

  Yasir Arafat, chairman of the Palestine Lib-

eration Organization, shares Nobel Peace Prize 

with Yitzhak Rabin and Shimon Peres.