Encyclopedia of Islam


–89 ¶   Iran-Iraq War. 1980



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1980–89

  Iran-Iraq War.



1980

  Execution of Ayatollah Muhammad Baqir al-



Sadr, leading Shii authority in Iraq.

1981

  Assassination of Egyptian president Anwar al-



Sadat by radical Islamists.


K  xlviii  

Encyclopedia of  Islam

1982

  Israeli invasion of Lebanon; Hizbullah founded 



in Lebanon.

  Supreme Council for Islamic Revolution in Iraq 



founded with Iranian support.

1987–93

  First Palestinian intifada against Israeli occu-



pation.

1987

  Hamas founded in Gaza.



1988

  Naguib Mahfouz, Egyptian author, wins the 



Nobel Prize for literature.

  Salman Rushdie publishes The Satanic Verses,



sparking Muslim protests around the world.

  Al-Qaida founded in Afghanistan.



1989

  Death of Ayatollah Khomeini, Shii religious 



scholar and revolutionary leader; Ayatollah Ali 

Khamenei becomes supreme leader of Iran.

  Death of Fazlur Rahman, leading Islamic scholar 



in the United States.

  Soviets withdraw from Afghanistan.



1990

  Iraqi forces at the command of President Sad-



dam Husayn invade and annex Kuwait, causing 

Gulf War I.



1991

  United States leads international coalition forces 



in a successful campaign to expel Iraqi forces 

from Kuwait.



1994

  Yasir Arafat, chairman of the Palestine Lib-



eration Organization, shares Nobel Peace Prize 

with Yitzhak Rabin and Shimon Peres.




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