Encyclopedia of Islam

Chronology

  

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1901

¶

  French forces occupy Morocco.

1905

¶

  Death of Muhammad Abduh, Egyptian religious 

scholar and reformer.

¶

  Massacre of Armenians in eastern Turkey.

1905–11

¶

  Constitutional revolution in Iran.

1906

¶

  All-India Muslim League founded in India.

1909

¶

  Establishment of the Anglo-Persian Oil Com-

pany.

1912

¶

  The beginning of the Muhammadiyya reform 

movement in Indonesia.

1916

¶

  Sykes-Picot agreement signed, defining British 

and French spheres of influence in the post–

World War I Middle East.

1916–18

¶

  Sharif Husayn of Mecca leads Arab Revolt 

against the Ottoman Empire.

1920

¶

  Syria and Lebanon become French mandate 

territories.

1921

¶

  Faysal ibn Husayn is made king of Iraq.

¶

  Abd Allah ibn Husayn becomes king of Trans-

jordan.

1922

¶

  Mustafa Kemal Ataturk abolishes the Ottoman 

Turkish sultanate.

1922–32

¶

  Conquest of Libya by Italy.

1924

¶

  The Turkish caliphate is abolished.

¶

  Abd al-Aziz and his Wahhabi army conquer 

Mecca and Medina.

1925

¶

  End of the Qajar dynasty in Persia; Reza Khan 

seizes power in Persia and establishes the 

Pahlavi dynasty.

1928

¶

  Turkey is declared a secular state and adopts 

Latin alphabet.

¶

  Hasan al-Banna founds the Muslim Brother-

hood.

1932

¶

  Iraq granted independence by League of 

Nations.

¶

  Creation of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

1935

¶

  Iran becomes the official name of Persia.

¶

  Death of Rashid Rida, Syrian religious 

reformer.

1938

¶

  Death of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, founder of 

modern Turkey.

¶

  Standard Oil of California discovers oil in Saudi 

Arabia.

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