Encyclopedia of Islam



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Chronology

  

xlv  J



1901

  French forces occupy Morocco.



1905

  Death of Muhammad Abduh, Egyptian religious 



scholar and reformer.

  Massacre of Armenians in eastern Turkey.



1905–11

  Constitutional revolution in Iran.



1906

  All-India Muslim League founded in India.



1909

  Establishment of the Anglo-Persian Oil Com-



pany.

1912

  The beginning of the Muhammadiyya reform 



movement in Indonesia.

1916

  Sykes-Picot agreement signed, defining British 



and French spheres of influence in the post–

World War I Middle East.



1916–18

  Sharif Husayn of Mecca leads Arab Revolt 



against the Ottoman Empire.

1920

  Syria and Lebanon become French mandate 



territories.

1921

  Faysal ibn Husayn is made king of Iraq.



  Abd Allah ibn Husayn becomes king of Trans-

jordan.

1922

  Mustafa Kemal Ataturk abolishes the Ottoman 



Turkish sultanate.

1922–32

  Conquest of Libya by Italy.



1924

  The Turkish caliphate is abolished.



  Abd al-Aziz and his Wahhabi army conquer 

Mecca and Medina.

1925

  End of the Qajar dynasty in Persia; Reza Khan 



seizes power in Persia and establishes the 

Pahlavi dynasty.



1928

  Turkey is declared a secular state and adopts 



Latin alphabet.

  Hasan al-Banna founds the Muslim Brother-



hood.

1932

  Iraq granted independence by League of 



Nations.

  Creation of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.



1935

  Iran becomes the official name of Persia.



  Death of Rashid Rida, Syrian religious 

reformer.

1938

  Death of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, founder of 



modern Turkey.

  Standard Oil of California discovers oil in Saudi 



Arabia.


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