Encyclopedia of Islam

496–497

Muhammad al-Mahdi  497

Muhammad ibn Saud  556, 705

Muharram  67, 235, 498

mujahid  16–17, 487, 498–499, 

564, 698

Mujahidin-i Khalq  161, 366, 

499–500

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Index

  

743  J

mujtahid  179, 346–347, 434, 

500–501

mullah  501

Mullah Sadra  501, 555

murid  502, 619, 637, 663

Muridi Sufi Order  502–503

Murjia  503, 668

murshid  503–504, 506

music  504–505, 505

Ajmer  26

arabesque  50

Chishti Sufi Order  140

ghazal  260

Khan, Inayat  430

Nation of Islam  521

Nizam al-Din Awliya  530

qawwali  567–568

Sufi Movement  637

Sufi Order International  

637

Umm Kulthoum  690

Muslim Brotherhood  xlvc, xlvic,

506–508

Abduh, Muhammad  6

anti-Semitism  47

Arab-Israeli conflicts  56

Arafat, Yasir  58

Baath Party  82

Banna, Hasan al-  88–89

civil society  153

colonialism  157

democracy  191

dhimmi  195

Egypt  212

Ghannoushi, Rashid 

al-  259

Ghazali, Zaynab al-  262

Gulf States  271

Gulf Wars  275

Hamas  285–286

Hizb al-Tahrir al-Islami  

303

Islamism  376

Jahiliyya  388

jizya  403

Jordan  406

Nasir, Jamal Abd al-  518

Qutb, Sayyid  576–577

renewal and reform 

movements  588

Sadat, Muhammad Anwar 

al-  597

Salafism  602

Shaarawi, Muhammad al-  

614–615

Sudan  636

sunna  646

tafsir  655

Takfir wa’l-Hijra  657

Tunisia  673

Usama bin Ladin  698

Wahhabism  706

Muslim Public Affairs Council 

(MPAC)  169, 508–509

Muslim Students Association 

(MSA)  130, 236, 375, 509–

511, 510

Muslim World League  xlvic, 57, 

511, 546, 595, 608, 689

Mutazili School  xxxvix, 511–

514

anthropomorphism  45

Ashari School  66

fate  229

Hasan al-Basri, al-  294

Ibadiyya  323

Ibn Hanbal, Ahmad  

330–331

miracle  476

philosophy  555

Shiism  626

theology  668

Twelve-Imam Shiism  679

muwahhidun. See Wahhabism

N

names of God  35, 139–140, 

372, 515–517, 516t, 558

Naqshbandi Sufi Order  517–518

Afghanistan  15

Bukhara  117

dialogue  197

Gülen, Fethullah  268

Haqqani, Muhammad 

Nazim al-  289–290

Malamati Sufis  450

renewal and reform 

movements  588

Shamil  619

Sirhindi, Ahmad  628–629

Sufism  640

Nasir, Jamal Abd al-  xlvic, 

xlviic, 518–519

Arab League  57

Azhar, al-  80

comic strips and comic 

books  159

Egypt  212

Faysal ibn Abd al-Aziz Al 

Saud  234

Ghazali, Zaynab al-  262

Husayn, Saddam  316

Libya  444

Literacy  445

Moses  484

Muhammad Ali dynasty  

497

Muslim Brotherhood  506, 

507

OIC  535

PLO  544

al-Qaida  564, 565

Qutb, Sayyid  576

renewal and reform 

movements  588

Sadat, Muhammad Anwar 

al-  597

Shaarawi, Muhammad 

al-  614

Takfir wa’l-Hijra  657

Nasr, Seyyed Hossein  519–520, 

555

Nasser, Gamal Abdel. See Nasir, 

Jamal Abd al-

Nation of Islam  xlviic, 520–

524

African Americans, Islam 

among  17, 18

anti-Semitism  47

Bilal  102

Canada  130

Daoud Ahmed  182

Farrakhan, Louis  226–227

Malcolm X  453–454

prophets and prophethood  

561

United States  694

Navruz  306, 524, 524–526

Neoplatonism  89–90, 116, 173, 

225, 338–339, 378, 631

Nepal  526–527

New Testament  254, 265–266, 

307–309, 413, 482, 589, 603

New Zealand  527–528

Night Journey and Ascent  

528–529

angel  43

Aqsa Mosque  49

Bistami, Abu Yazid al-  107

Buraq, al-  118

dreams  203

Europe  219

holidays  306

horse  310

Idris  345

Israel  381

Jerusalem  391, 394

Moses  483

Muhammad  492

paradise  547

revelation  590

tafsir  652

Night of Destiny  254, 306, 308, 

529–530, 572, 580, 632

9/11. See September 11, 2001 

terrorist attacks

Nizam al-Din Awliya  xlic, 188, 

530–531, 552

O

October War. See Arab-Israeli 

War (1973)

oil  xlvc, 532–533

Abd al-Aziz ibn Saud  2

Baghdad  84

Faysal ibn Abd al-Aziz Al 

Saud  234

Gulf States  272–273

Gulf Wars  274, 277

Iran  363

Iranian Revolution (1978–

1979)  365

Iraq  367, 370, 371

Islam  374

kafir  422

Libya  444

Mohammad Reza Pahlavi  

478

OPEC  533–534

Orientalism  537

al-Qaida  565

Salafism  602

Saudi Arabia  606

Wahhabism  706

Operation Iraqi Freedom. See 

Gulf War (Iraq War, 2003– )

Organization of Petroleum 

Exporting Countries (OPEC)  

532–533, 533–534, 607

Organization of the Islamic 

Conference (OIC)  xlviic, 

534–535, 546, 608, 689, 714

Orientalism  536–538

colonialism  158

Fyzee, Asaf Ali Asghar  253

hadith  280

India  355

Islam  374

Jahiliyya  387

Jamaat-i Islami  388

Jerusalem  394

jihad  397–399

jihad movements  399

jinni  402

John the Baptist  404

Joseph  408

Judaism and Islam  409–

413

Judgment Day  413

justice  416–417

literacy  444

names of God  515

Nasr, Seyyed Hossein  519

Nation of Islam  520, 523

Navruz  525

Night Journey and Ascent  

528–529

Night of Destiny  529

Nizam al-Din Awliya  530

qibla  569

Quraysh  575

Rahman, Fazlur  579

Ramadan  580

Rashid Rida, Muhammad  

582

revelation  589–590

Salafism  601

Satan  603–605

Satanic Verses  605–606

ulama  683

umma  688

United States  693

Usuli School  699

Uthman ibn Affan  700

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K  744  

Encyclopedia of  Islam

Orientalism (continued)

veil  702

vizier  703

women  711

Yemen  716

Oslo Accords  58, 383, 538, 

543–545

Ottoman Empire  xxix, xliic, 

xlivc, 538–540, 539

Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal  

68–69

Azhar, al-  80

Baghdad  84

Bosnia and Herzegovena  

114

Cairo  123

caliphate  126

Chiragh Ali  139

colonialism  156

constitutionalism  163

Europe  218

food and drink  249

Funj Sultanate  252

Hanbali Legal School  288

Husayn ibn Ali  318

Iqbal, Muhammad  362

Iraq  369

Islam  373

Israel  381, 382

Istanbul  384

Janissary  390

Jerusalem  396

Jordan  405–406

Judaism and Islam  412

Latin America  439

Lebanon  441

Libya  443

madrasa  446–447

minaret  474–475

mufti  488

music  504

Palestine  543

pan-Islamism  545

Qadiri Sufi Order  563–564

Saudi Arabia  607

Sephardic Jews  612

student  634

Syria  648

Tanzimat  661–662

umma  689

Westernization  710

Yemen  716

P

Pakistan  xxv, xxvii, xlvic, 

541–542

Afghan mujahidin  16, 17

Ahmadiyya  24

Ahmad Khan, (Sir) Sayyid  

24

AIML  35, 36

alphabet  39

Awami League  76

Bangladesh  88

birth control and family 

planning  104

Buddhism and Islam  116

cinema  147

Gandhi, Mohandas 

Karamchand  256

Hekmatyar, Gulbuddin  296

Hijra  299

Hinduism and Islam  

300–302

holidays  306

India  349, 350, 356–358

Iqbal, Muhammad  361–

362

Islamism  376

Jamaat-i Islami  388

Jamiyyat Ulama-i Islam  

389–390

Jinnah, Muhammad Ali  401

Kashmir  425–427

madrasa  447

Mawdudi, Abu al-Ala  463

minaret  475

Persian language and 

literature  550

purdah  561

al-Qaida  564

renewal and reform 

movements  587, 588

Taliban  657–659

World Muslim Congress  

714

Palestine  542–543

Arafat, Yasir  58

birth rites  106

democracy  190

dialogue  197

Dome of the Rock  202

Hashimite dynasty  295

houses  312

Husayni, Muhammad Amin 

al-  317–318

Israel  379, 382

Judaism and Islam  413

mujahid  499

PLO  544

al-Qaida  565

Palestine Liberation 

Organization (PLO)  xlviiic, 

544–545

Arafat, Yasir  58

fidai  238

Hamas  286

Israel  382, 383

Jordan  407

Lebanon  442

Libya  444

Muslim Brotherhood  508

Oslo Accords  538

Palestine  543

Syria  647

pan-Islamism  178, 351, 432, 

433, 511, 545–546, 592, 680

paradise  xxix, 546–547

afterlife  19

agriculture  22

ahl al-bayt  23

angel  43

architecture  60

baqa and fana  90

covenant  170

death  186

eschatology  214

ethics and morality  215

Fatima  230

Gabriel  254

houri  310–311

houses  313

Idris  344

Islam  372

Judgment Day  413

martyrdom  458

Night Journey and Ascent  

529

pbuh  547

Satan  603–604

soul and spirit  632

suicide  642

umra  691

pbuh  547–548

Pentagon attack (9/11/2001). 

See September 11, 2001, 

terrorist attacks

People of the Book  548–549

Christianity and Islam  

141

haram  291

holy books  308, 309

Islam  373

Jerusalem  394

Judaism and Islam  410

kafir  421

Quran  571, 572

shirk  627

tawhid  665

Torah  671

umma  688

Perfect Man  35, 326, 435, 495, 

549

Persian Gulf War (1990–1991). 

See Gulf War (1990–1991)

Persian language and literature  

39, 90, 91, 103, 353, 426, 

549–552

petroleum. See oil

Philippines  156–157, 481–482,