Encyclopedia of Islam

Further reading: John L. Esposito and François Burgat, 

eds.,  Modernizing Islam: Religion in the Public Sphere 

in Europe and the Middle East (New Brunswick, N.J.: 

Rutgers University Press, 2003); John Keane, Civil Soci-

ety: Old Images, New Visions (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford 

University Press, 1998); Augustus Richard Norton, ed., 

Civil Society in the Middle East. 2 vols. (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 

1995–1996); Jenny B. White, Islamist Mobilization in 

Turkey: A Study in Vernacular Politics (Seattle: University 

of Washington Press, 2002); Carrie Rosefsky Wickham, 

Mobilizing Islam: Religious Activism and Political Change 

in Egypt (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002).