Encyclopedia of Islam

Further reading: Eric Hansen, “Yemen’s Well-Traveled 

Bean.” Saudi Aramco World 48, no. 5 (September/Octo-

ber 1997): 2–9; Ralph S. Hattox, Coffee and Coffeehouses: 

The Origin of a Social Beverage in the Medieval Near East

(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1985); Ben-

nett Alan Weinberg and Bonnie K. Bealer, The World 

of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World’s Most 

Popular Drug (New York: Routledge, 2001).

colonialism

Colonialism is a historical process whereby one 

state subdues another state or territory for politi-

cal and economic advantage. In addition to the 

use of armed force, colonialism usually involves 

the establishment of a colonial government and 

migration to the new territories by settlers who 

occupy the most productive land and control 

important sectors of the region’s society and 

Umm Kulthoum Café, Cairo, Egypt 

(Juan E. Campo)