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Lecture 1. Science , content and methods of "Electronics and Circuits 2 ".
Plan :
Integral chips (IMS) creation history
Stages and prospects of electronics development.
Concepts of nanoelectronics. Nano transistors.
electronics and nanoelectronics.
Integral chips (IMS) creation history
the invention of integrated circuits has become an undeniable requirement of the times. Almost simultaneously, two engineers who were unaware of each other - Jack St. Clair Kilby (1923-2005) and Robert Norton Noyce (1927-1990) invented the integrated circuit.
Experts abbreviate integrated circuits and call them IMS. IMS is a very small sized electrical circuit which is based on the use of different semiconductors . Sometimes IMS is simply called a microchip . Such IMS microchips are now widely used in almost all types of electronic equipment - from simple electric kettles to complex spacecraft.
In IMS, the conductivity of semiconductors is controlled by the electric field. The invention of monolithic IMS, in turn, made it possible to place elements, such as transistors , resistors, capacitors, etc., previously made separately and in circuits , in an extremely small compact size on a single crystal microchip made of semiconductor material. Moreover, automatic assembly of IMS is a much faster and more efficient process than manual assembly of circuits, which in turn not only increases the reliability of electronic circuits, but also reduces their cost. IMS is prepared by photolithography, i.e., casting the required geometric shapes on a stencil on a silicon base. Because the IMS is so compact , the distance between the organizational elements in it is also very, very short. This ensures fast execution of the logic accumulated in the electrical circuit.
Jack Kilby invented his IMS in 1958. Robert Noyce, on the other hand, created and demonstrated his IMS half a year later. If a silicon element is used in the Noyce IMS as a semiconductor, Kilby for this purpose used the element germanium . The compactness of modern IMS is several times smaller than that of the Kilby and Noyce chips, and the processing speed is much higher than theirs. In particular, there will be billions of transistors inside the tiny microchip-IMS, which now comes in the size of a postage stamp .
Since the invention of IMS, the field of electronics and microelectronics has developed so rapidly that each of its subsequent advanced steps has made further revolutions in the field of science and technology. In particular, computers and any other electronic devices and equipment that we know and have become our closest assistants have reached this level due to the development of IMS. Interestingly, as IMSs have become more complex and compact, their speed of operation and the scale of the tasks they perform have also increased. Typically, other types of equipment become more expensive in the process of such development. However, as IMS became more complex, it also became cheaper. Drawing attention to this fact, engineer Gordon Moore joked, “ If the automotive industry had developed as fast as the semiconductor industry, Rolls-Royce cars would have been able to cover 200,000 km with a liter of gasoline. , and it would have been cheaper to just leave it on the street than to put it in a paid parking lot in front of the office ... "
who first invented IMS, was a young employee who had just joined Texas Instruments at the time. When almost all of Kilby’s colleagues went on vacation, he was often left alone in the lab, constantly working on the IMS model. In September 1958, Kilby created his first working model, the IMS, and demonstrated it to his partners. On February 6 of the following year, Texas Instruments filed a patent for the serial production of IMS based on the Kilby model.
The second inventor, Robert Noyce, after a long search to monetize his invention, took his own risk in 1968 to form his own independent company, IMS. You must have used the IMSs produced by that company of Noyes . It ’s also clear that you’ve heard a lot about him. Because the same integrated circuits that Noyce founded, that is, the company that produces the chips, is called Intel , and it is now one of the most advanced technology brands in the world in the production of IMS .
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