LWT 156 (2022) 113049
5
is produced during fermentation ).
Interestingly, we did not detect volatile acids in unfermented kiwi juice.
Caproic acid makes alcoholic drinks sweet and cheesy (
).
In addition, octanoic acid, decanoic acid, and
other medium-chain fatty acids, which confer on fermented drinks an
odor of fat, soap, and acid, may have adverse effects on the quality of
fruit wine ). Isovaleric acid is a leucine derivative
(
wines had the highest contents of isovaleric acid.
Ketones have a strong flavor even at low concentrations, and are
produced by microbial oxidation or decarboxylation of fatty acids
(
kiwi juice, whereas acetoin and damascene were detected only in COF
and WSF low-alcohol kiwi wines. Damascone smells natural, with rose,
plum, berry, flower, and fruit flavors ).
Esters are important for the flavor
of wine and make a positive
contribution to its fruity and floral aroma. Ethyl octanoate is present in
all low-alcohol kiwi wines, and confers different degrees of sweetness,
fruitiness, and a pear aroma ).
Ethyl acetate has the aroma of pear and banana (
). Ethyl butyrate and ethyl caproate
exude a fruity and sweet taste produced during fermentation and may give fruit wine a sweet, fruity,
and banana-like taste (
3.3.2. Principal component analysis of VOCs
To evaluate the relationship between VOCs and fermentation
method, a principal component analysis was performed (
). The
first two principal components (PCs) accounted for 92.3% of the total
variance, of which PC1 and PC2 accounted for 47.3% and 45.0%,
respectively. Kiwi juice was distributed on the positive side of PC1 and
the negative side of PC2; WSF and COF low-alcohol kiwi wines were
distributed on the positive sides of PC1 and PC2; and SWF low-alcohol
kiwi wine was distributed on the negative sides of PC1 and PC2.
shows that hexanal,
trans
-2-hexenal, 1-pentanol, hexanol, 3-
pentanone, methyl butyrate, ethyl crotonate, ethyl isobutyrate,
methyl
hexanoate, ethyl 2-furoate, n-heptanol, ethyl acetate, and methyl octa-
noate were distributed on the positive side of PC1 and the negative side
of PC2, with high contents in kiwi juice. Ethyl decanoate, ethyl acetate,
ethyl caproate, ethyl caprate, ethyl laurate, phenylethyl acetate, propyl
octanoate, citronellate, ethyl decanoate, 2-methylpropyl acetate, 3-
methylbutyl decanoate,
phenethyl alcohol, ethyl 9-decenoate, and
ethyl myristate were distributed on the negative sides of PC1 and PC2
and were present at high levels in SWF low-alcohol kiwi wine. Our
previous study indicated that decanoates are the principal volatile ester
compounds produced by Sc21 (
).
Decanal, 1-butanol, leaf alcohol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 4-methyl-2-
pentanol, 1-octen-3-ol, benzyl alcohol, pentanoic acid, 3-methyl-4-oxo-
octanoic acid, acetic acid glacial, isovaleric acid, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone,
beta-damascenone, methyl acetate, methyl benzoate, ethyl benzoate,
ethyl caprylate, isoamyl butyrate, and isobutyl acetate were distributed
on the positive sides of PC1 and PC2 and were present at high levels in
COF and WSF low-alcohol kiwi wines. The VOCs of SWF low-alcohol
kiwi wine were produced by Sc21. The VOCs of COF and WSF low-
alcohol kiwi wines were different
from SWF low-alcohol kiwi wine,
possibly because VOCs of COF and WSF low-alcohol kiwi wines may be
produced by Wa4#. COF and WSF altered the VOC content of low-
alcohol kiwi wine (
3.4. Sensory evaluation
WSF low-alcohol kiwi wine had the highest overall score, with all
scores greater than 7.1, except for acidity and acceptability scores of WSF low-alcohol kiwi wine were the highest.
This may be because of the moderate lactic acid content. The high
Fig. 2.
Principal component analysis of volatile organic compounds in kiwi
juice and three kiwi wines.1: Acetaldehyde; 2: hexanal; 3:
trans
-2-hexenal; 4:
decanal; 5: 1-butanol; 6: 3-methyl-1-butanol; 7: 1-pentanol; 8: leaf alcohol; 9:
hexyl alcohol; 10: n-heptanol; 11: (r,r)-2,3-butanediol; 12: phenethyl alcohol;
13: citronellol; 14: 2-methyl-1-propanol; 15: 4-methyl-2-pentanol; 16: 1-octen-
3-ol; 17: benzyl alcohol; 18: pentanoic acid, 3-methyl-4-oxo-; 19: l (
+
)-lactic
acid; 20: hexanoic acid; 21: octanoic acid; 22: acetic acid glacial; 23: isovaleric
acid; 24:
decanoic acid; 25: 3-pentanone; 26: 3-hydroxy-2-butanone; 27:
β
-damascenone; 28: methyl acetate; 29: ethyl acetate; 30: methyl butyrate; 31:
trans
-methyl crotonate; 32: ethyl isobutyrate; 33: ethyl butyrate; 34: methyl
hexanoate; 35: isobutyl butyrate; 36: ethyl caproate; 37: ethyl 2-furoate; 38:
methyl benzoate; 39: methyl octanoate; 40: ethyl benzoate; 41: ethyl caprylate;
42: isoamyl acetate; 43: isoamyl butyrate; 44: ethyl 9-decenoate; 45: ethyl
caprate; 46: ethyl laurate; 47: isobutyl acetate; 48: phenethyl acetate; 49:
octanoic acid, propyl ester; 50: citronellyl acetate; 51: decanoic acid, 2-methyl-
propyl ester; 52: decanoic acid, 3-methylbutyl ester; 53: ethyl myristate; 54:
pentadecanoic acid, ethyl ester. COF: inoculation of mixed
S. cerevisiae
WLS21
and
W. anomalus
4#; WSF: sequential inoculation of
W. anomalus
4# followed
by
S. cerevisiae
WLS21 after 24 h; SWF: sequential inoculation of
S. cerevisiae
WLS21 followed by
W. anomalus
4# after 24 h.
Fig. 3.
Sensory evaluation radar chart of the three kiwi wines.COF: inoculation
of mixed
S. cerevisiae
WLS21 and
W. anomalus
4#; WSF: sequential inoculation
of
W. anomalus
4# followed by
S. cerevisiae
WLS21 after 24 h; SWF: sequential
inoculation of
S. cerevisiae
WLS21 followed by
W. anomalus
4# after 24 h.
J. Huang et al.