LWT 156 (2022) 113049
3
dynamic changes in the two yeast populations in COF, WSF, and SWF
low-alcohol kiwi wines. Interestingly, irrespective of the inoculation
method, the Sc21 population peaked on day 4 after inoculation. In the
COF and SWF low-alcohol kiwi wines, the population of Sc21 was larger
than that of Wa4#. However, in WSF low-alcohol kiwi wine, the pop-
ulation of Wa4# on days 0
–
4 was greater than that of Sc21. This is
because Wa4# was inoculated 24 h earlier than Sc21, resulting in a
sharp increase in the population of Wa4#. It is possible that Sc21
inhibited Wa4# (
Ye et al., 2014a
). In SWF low-alcohol kiwi wine, the
maximum population of Wa4# was smaller than in COF and WSF
low-alcohol kiwi wines. It is possible that inoculating Sc21 first
increased its population and inhibited Wa4#. After 8 days of fermen-
tation, the population of Wa4# in all low-alcohol kiwi wines was smaller
than that of Sc21, possibly because of competition for nutrients (
Wei,
Zhang, Wang, et al., 2020b
). The WSF low-alcohol kiwi wine had a
higher yeast population than the other two wines.
3.2. Physicochemical properties
3.2.1. pH, SSC, titratable acid, alcohol, and L*a*b*
Table 1
shows that the lowest pH of kiwi juice was 3.34, and the pH
of low-alcohol kiwi wine increased after fermentation. The pH of COF
and WSF low-alcohol kiwi wines increased by 0.09, whereas that of SWF
low-alcohol kiwi wine increased by 0.05. The titratable acidity ranged
from 11.97 to 13.16 g/L; the lowest was in kiwi juice and the highest was
in COF low-alcohol kiwi wine. After fermentation, the titratable acid
content was 2.51
–
9.94% higher in the low-alcohol kiwi wine than in the
kiwi juice. The change in pH and total acidity is mediated by the gen-
eration and degradation of organic acids (
Wei, Zhang, Wang, et al.,
2020b
). The SSC of COF and WSF low-alcohol kiwi wines were 11.5
◦
Brix
and 10.5
◦
Brix, respectively. Compared to SWF low-alcohol kiwi wine,
fermentation may be more thorough in COF and WSF low-alcohol wines
(
Wei et al., 2019
). The WSF low-alcohol kiwi wine had the highest
alcohol content of 5.5% (v/v).
The CIELAB parameters differed significantly among the low-alcohol
kiwi wines (
p
<
0.05). The L* value (brightness) ranged from 0 (black) to
100 (white). The L* values of all low-alcohol kiwi wines were greater
than 91, indicating that they were whiter and more transparent. The
a
*
values (degree of green [negative] to red [positive]) of the low-alcohol
kiwi wines were negative (more green than red). According to the
b*
values (degree of blue [negative] to yellow [positive]), all samples were
more yellow than blue, and that of SWF low-alcohol kiwi wine was
32.55%, significantly higher than the other wines (
p <
0.05) (
Wibowo
et al., 2019
). The differences in
L*
,
a*
, and
b*
values among the SWF,
COF, and WSF low-alcohol kiwi wines may be caused by pH (
Wei et al.,
2019
).
3.2.2. Organic acids
The contents of organic acids affect the chemical properties (pH,
titratable acid, and microbial stability) and sensory quality of wine
(
Loira et al., 2015
). The increased organic acid content during fermen-
tation may improve the stability of B vitamins and participate in the
Fig. 1.
Populations of two yeast strains according to inoculation method.(a): Inoculation of mixed
S. cerevisiae
WLS21 and
W. anomalus
4# (COF); (b): sequential
inoculation of
W. anomalus
4# followed by
S. cerevisiae
WLS21 after 24 h (WSF); (c): sequential inoculation of
S. cerevisiae
WLS21 followed by
W. anomalus
4# after
24 h (SWF). Error bars indicate three repeated trials. Values are means
±
SD (n
=
3).
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