Education of the republic of uzbekistan ferghana state university

THE FUNCTION OF ANTONOMASIA

Antonomasia can be expressed by almost all parts of speech, even by interjection. The use of antonomasia is now not confined to the belles-lettres style. It is often found in the publicistic style and newspapers style (Pedash 2003: 23). (5) "I suspect that the Noes and Don't Knows would far outnumber the Yesses." According to Kagramanov (2003) antonomasia is intended to point out the "leading" and most characteristic feature of a person or event. Most often these name-characteristics are used by humorists and satirists. like: Mr. Snake, Mr. Credulous, Mr. Backbite, Mr. Carefree, Miss Languish (Kagramanov 2003: 17). But to characterize a person through his name is not the only function of antonomasia. According to Sort (1989) it helps to give concrete expression for abstract notion. The context in such cases is indispensable. Interesting are the cases when instead of a proper noun a word-combination or a whole phrase characteristic of a person is used. Here we deal with a kind of periphrasis: (e.g.: Your Mrs. What's-her-name sounds very English). The stylistic effect of such antonomasia very much depends on the unexpectedness of a name being expressed by a word combination (Sort 1989:

Types of English Antonomasia As mentioned earlier, antonomasia includes the formation of a common noun, verb or adjective from the name of a person or a place. Accordingly, antonomasia can be classified into different types due to the different views of this process. For instance, Bukhardit and Nerlich (2010:17) ascribe the different types of antonomasia to the different semantic mechanisms of this figure. they classify it into two types: metonymic and metaphorical. The first mechanism is involved through the use of regular noun instead of a proper name, e.g., 'The thunder' to stand for 'Zeus'. Metaphoric or "metaphorical" antonomasia, as expressed by Skrebnev (1994) , is when a proper name is applied to a person whose characteristic features resemble those of the well-known original. Thus, a ladies' man deserves the name of Don Juan, an orator may be referred to as Cicero. It also must be noticed that metaphoric antonomasia is often treated as a kind of allusion (an indirect reference by word or phrase to a historical, literary, mythological or biblical factor) (Skrebnev 1994: 57). He classifies it into four types: 1. the use of a proper name of a real historic person (it may be universal or belong to one certain culture): e.g.: he would be a Napoleon of peace, or a Bismarck; 2. the use of biblical names, e.g.: Ismael- the exile, Judas –the traitor; 3. the use of mythological names, e.g.: He was a new Apollo for her; 4. the use of proper names taken from literature, e.g.: Casanova, Scrooge. Metonymic antonomasia is observed in cases when a personal name stands for something connected with the bearer of that name who really once existed (a name of a writer or a painter or a sculptor for his work of art) (Bukhardit and Nerlich 2010:17) for example (1) He has sold his Vandykes. (Hurst). (2) This is my real Goya (Galsworthy). (3) Wonderful Rubens. This type of antonomasia is often used in colloquial speech and in political vocabulary, e.g.: Wall Street, Down Street(the residence of the Prime Minister of Great Britain) (ibid). It should be mentioned here that the case with metonymic antonomasia remains a debatable question. Scholars have no common opinion whether this phenomenon should be regarded as one of the types of metonymy or as
metonymic antonomasia. Kagramanov (2003: 53) suggests that it is not right to interpret the transfer of the artist's name to his piece of art as antonomasia,because it 4 is a metonymic correlation,. At the same time Kramsch (1990) suggests that it is metonymic antonomasia, because here we see the use of a proper name and this proper name becomes one of the characteristics of the subject it refers to( Kramsch 1990: 82) Another classification of antonomasia was made by Widdowson (1992) In which antonomasia may be linguistic and stylistic: Linguistic antonomasia is created when proper names become nominal and lose their bright expressiveness (e.g. mackintosh - earlier it was a proper name). But some words did not lose their connection with proper names and preserved their expressiveness (uncle Sam - an American, Patric - an Irishman, John Bull - an Englishman). On the other hand, stylistic antonomasia is traditionally represented by two types (Widdowson 1992:102): a. The use of a proper name to stand for something else having one or several attributes associated with that name (e.g.: 'Einstein' for a scientific genius; 'Solomon' to mean a wise ruler). b. The use of a general term (an epithet) to stand for a referent having a proper name (e.g.: Cactus state for New Mexico; The Iron Lady for Margaret Tatcher). This type of antonomasia is widely used by writers, satirists and humorists. Practically any common noun can be used as a proper noun. c. It is always original. In such cases the person's name serves his first characteristics. Such names are called "token or telling" names. They give information to the reader about the bearer of the name. Antonomasia of this type is created mainly by nouns, more seldom by attributive combinations (as in Dr. Fresh Air) or phrases (as in Mr. What's-his-name). Sometimes there may be a simultaneous use of an epithet and a proper name. For example:
"Yes, he knew men and cities well, like the Old Greek without the dreadful disadvantage of having a Penelope at home for him". In this example an epithet "the Old Greek" substitutes the proper name "Odysseus" a symbol of eternal traveler, and the proper name "Penelope" is a symbol of the faithful wife (Widdowson 1992:103): . 1.3 Functions of English Antonomasia Antonomasia can be expressed by almost all parts of speech, even by interjection. The use of antonomasia is now not confined to the belles-lettres style. It is often found in the publicistic style and newspapers style (Pedash 2003: 23). (5) "I suspect that the Noes and Don't Knows would far outnumber the Yesses." According to Kagramanov (2003) antonomasia is intended to point out the "leading" and most characteristic feature of a person or event. Most often these name-characteristics are used by humorists and satirists. like: Mr. Snake, Mr. Credulous, Mr. Backbite, Mr. Carefree, Miss Languish (Kagramanov 2003: 17). But to characterize a person through his name is not the only function of antonomasia. According to Sort (1989) it helps to give concrete expression for abstract notion. The context in such cases is indispensable. Interesting are the cases when instead of a proper noun a word-combination or a whole phrase characteristic of a person is used. Here we deal with a kind of periphrasis: (e.g.: Your Mrs. What's-her-name sounds very English). The stylistic effect of such antonomasia very much depends on the unexpectedness of a name being expressed by a word combination (Sort 1989: 73