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CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
A.
Translating Event Names
Event Names is a thing that happens, especially something important: The
election was the main event of 2008 (Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary,
2010: 502). From the definition, an event name is a name of important things that
happen in the world. Vermes (2001:144) classifies proper name into several
groups:
Name of persons, geographical names, names of organizations and
institutions, name of titles, brand names, name of nationalities, name of
event, name of temporal unit and festival, name of abstract ideas, name of
animals, name of species and other names. It means that event names
include as types of proper names.
In Addition, Howard (2009:1) also proposes the categorization of proper names:
Part of a person’s name; Givenor pet names of animals; Geographical and
celestial names; Monuments, building, meeting, historical event,
document, laws, and periods; Groups and languages, religion, deities,
scriptures; Award, vehicles, vehicles models and brand.
As types of proper names, event names should be translated properly because
translating event names deals with the cultural background. Shirinzadeh and
Mahadi (2014:8) state that proper names might often be problematic in translation
especially in the course of rendition between different cultures. In addition, Al-
Qur’an and Al-Azzam (2014:103) state that “names are generally viewed as
cultural words or words that refer to elements deeply rooted in the culture of a
speech community”. For example,
Sekaten
is the name of Javanese traditional
festival which can not be translated in English even in Bahasa Indonesia. The
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festival Sekaten itself only exists in Javanese culture and people. Therefore it is
difficult to find the exact translation of
Sekaten
. In short, translating proper names
can not be separated from the culture of source language.
In addition, the problem in translating event names is when the concepts of
event names semantically complex. For instance,
Mitoni
is the name of Javanese
traditional ceremony when a pregnant woman reaches seventh months, which can
not be translated into English. The name of ceremony
Mitoni
is complicated and
complex in concept in the source culture. Moreover Baker (1992:21) states that,
one of the common types of non-equivalence at world level when the concept of
source language word is semantically complex. It means that, non-equivalence at
world level also becomes the barrier of translating event names. Different reasons
influence the occurrence of non-equivalence in translation. For example, the
problem of non-equivalence could arise when a translator deals with culture-
specifics items such as customs, proper names, titles of institutions or
organization, etc. Davies (2003: 68) defines culture as “the set of values, attitudes
and behaviors shared by a group and passed on by learning”. These culture
specific items vary among cultures as various countries have a different history
and experience of life. For example, Dust Bowl is a historical event which only
happened in America and became a big disaster that ever happened in America.
Dust Bowl was a disaster when the giant dust storms covered the southern Great
Plains. The translator can translate Dust Bowl literally into
Mangkuk Debu
but,
the problem is the literal translation sounds unfamiliar in target language culture
because the Dust Bowl only happened in American history and their life
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experience. Furthermore, Al-Qur’an and Al-Azzam (2014:103) state that proper
names are richly loaded with cultural connotations, reference to historical events,
culture-specific metaphors, and some other types of allusions. Thus, proper names
can not be separated by culture and historical event.
Talking about proper names, Soltész (in Vermes 2001:4) defines proper names
as expressions denoting unique entities and states that they are part of the
linguistic system of the community to which the denotation of the name belongs.
Similarly, Kiefer (2000:140 in Vermes 2001:93) also affirms that “semantically,
proper names are labels which are used to identify entities. The meaning of the
proper name is the entity which the name refers to”. Proper names usually have
various allusions indicating sex, age, history, specific meaning, cultural
connotations, animals, companies, festivals, names of persons and
geographical places (Jaleniauskienė and Čičelytė 2009: 31). It can be concluded
that proper name represents what it looks such as; person, places, event whose
belong to represent. They are infrequent words relative to other common words.
According to Algeo (as cited in Zarei & Norouzi 2014:153) there are the
classifications of proper names criteria. First, Orthographic, proper names are
capitalized. Second, Morphosyntactic
,
proper names have no plural forms. They
are used without articles. They do not accept restrictive modifiers. Third,
Referential, proper names refer to single unique individuals. Forth, Semantic
,
proper names do not impute any qualities to the objects designated and are
therefore meaningless. They have a distinctive form of definition that includes a
citation of their expression.
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In addition, The Oxford Concise English Dictionary (2010:1176) defines a
proper name as, “a word that is the name of a person, a place, an institution, etc.
and is written with a capital letter”. In conclusion, the characterictics of proper
name always began with capital letter.
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