Education in Uzbekistan

GRAMMAR: Direct and Indirect speech
Ко ‘chirma va o‘zlashtirma gap
Qo‘llaniilishi: So‘zlovchi nutqining o ‘zgarishsiz berilishi - ko‘chirma gap deyiladi.
My friend says, “I have bought an intereshing book today”.
So‘zlovchi nutqining bo‘shqa shaxs tomonidan bayon etilishi - o‘zlashtirma gap deyiladi.
My friend says he has bought an interesting book today.
Ko‘chirma gapdan o ‘zlashtirma gap sifatida q o ‘llanilganda quyidagi qoidalarga amal qilinadi:
a) egalik va kishilik olmoshlari o ‘zgaradi;
b) zamonlaming moslashuvi “Sequence o f Tenses”

c) Direct speech Indirect speech.

Simple Present Simple Past
Present Continuous Past Continuous
Simple Past Past Perfect
Present Perfect Past Perfect
Past Perfect Past perfect
Simple Future Future in the Past
Direct speech
Present ‘I love you”
‘I ’m going out now’
Present Perfect
‘We’ve met before”
Past Simple
‘We met in 1987.
Future _
‘I’ll mend it for you’
Reported speech
Past
He said he loved me.
Ann said she was going out.
Past Perfect
She said they’d met before.
Past Perfect
He said they’d met in 1987.
Future- in the Past,
She said that she would mend it for me.
Eslatma: say + (that)

She said (that) they were happy together,

tell + person (that).
He told me (that) he loved Mary.

Ko‘chirma gapni o ‘zlashtirma gapga aylantirganda, ko‘rsatish olmoshlari,

o ‘rin-payt ravishlari o ‘zgaradi:
Direct speech Reported speech
this, these -» that - those; the
now -» then
today —» that day
yesterday -» the day before
the day before yesterday -> two days before
tomorrow —> the next day, the following day
the day after tomorrow -> in two days’ time
next week (month, year) —> the following (the next)week
(month, year)
last week (year) —> the previous week (year), a
year (a week before)