EdData II: Data for Education Research and Programming (derp) in Africa


C1 Effective operational  proficiency or advanced  C2



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Toolkit Planning for Language Use in Education Global 08 2015

C1
Effective operational 
proficiency or advanced 
C2
Mastery or proficiency 
The minimal level necessary to function independently in the new language and learn through it 
is the B1 threshold or intermediate level. This level is important for bi/multilingual education as 
it can be expected that language users have sufficient knowledge and use of the additional 
language to use it as a medium of instruction. According to the CEFR, on the global scale the 
language user can:

Understand the main points of clear standard input on familiar matters regularly 
encountered in work, school, leisure, etc. 

Function in most situations likely to arise while traveling in an area where the language is 
spoken. 

Produce simple connected text on topics that are familiar or of personal interest. 

Describe experiences and events, dreams, hopes, and ambitions, and briefly give reasons 
and explanations for opinions and plans (Council of Europe, n.d., p. 24). 
Research has shown that for students to learn a language, the teachers needs to at least have 
reached level B1, while the desired level for the teacher is C1 (Enever, Moon, & Ranan, 2009). 
The competencies listed in the table are also linked to the number of words (or vocabulary) a 
child needs to know at that level. Researchers have found that different languages have different 
vocabulary sizes, and that the threshold for each language is different. For example, English-
language learners must obtain a threshold level of about 3,000 words to be at the B1 level, while 
French and Greek require approximately 2,200 and 3,450 words, respectively (Milton, 2001). 
Research indicates that it can take four to five years of formal education for children to reach a 
level of vocabulary knowledge that would allow them to use the an L2 or FL language 
comfortably and to understand the content of their school books and teachers (Nation, 1990; 
Orosz, 2009). Therefore, when a new language is introduced before children have acquired the 
competencies and vocabulary that correspond with a given threshold, their learning outcomes 
significantly drop—and education is not successful.
A framework similar to CEFR could be helpful for assessing language competencies in 
multilingual African contexts.


69 
Annex D 

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