EdData II: Data for Education Research and Programming (derp) in Africa



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Toolkit Planning for Language Use in Education Global 08 2015

Annex B. Language models
(Excerpted from USAID, 2012a) 
There are several different types of language models, and accordingly, the efficacy of any 
particular language model depends largely on the context within which it is implemented. Thus, 
not all models are appropriate in all environments. The language model chosen for a particular 
system should be based on the country’s education goals, existing conditions, evidence from 
research and best practices, and what is realistic and feasible to implement.
Below is a summary of several common models for language use in education. I
t is important 
to note, however, that these models are often modified and implemented differently in 
different contexts
(and even the name used for a given model may be different). Moreover, they 
cannot simply be imported from one context to another but must be analyzed and appropriated 
accordingly.

L1-based instruction 
refers to a model in which children’s L1, or mother tongue, is the 
LOI throughout most if not all levels of school. This is the most common language-of-
instruction model used in much of the world (Europe, United States, Latin America, parts 
of Asia) and is highly successful in producing strong literacy and learning outcomes in 
general, along with excellent foreign language learning. The model allows children to 
learn in a familiar language, usually through tertiary level, while foreign languages are 
taught as subjects by specialist teachers.
11

Immersion 
refers to a model in which the language of instruction is solely an L2 or 
foreign language from the time a child enters school. This is the most common model 
implemented in much of sub-Saharan Africa, with very low learning outcomes. The 
model is often misapplied to the African context from very different environments in 
which it has been used in North America or Europe, based on the mistaken idea that 
children will learn a language if they learn 
in
the language. Because instruction is 
provided primarily in a language that is not familiar to learners, with limited exposure to 
the language outside of school, this model is often referred to as “submersion” in the 
African context.


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