Dr. Carlos F. Márquez Linares Dr. Enrique F. Quero Gervilla Doctoral Programme in Languages, Texts and Contexts Faculty of Translation and Interpreting university of granada

Short forms are obtained by reducing a complex term to its parts: “квартальный отчёт” (kvartal'nyj otchjot; L.t.: quarterly report) (Academic) instead of “ежеквартальный отчёт эмитента эмиссионных ценных бумаг” (ezhekvartal'nyj otchjot jemitenta jemissionnyh cennyh bumag; L.t.: a quarterly report by an emissive security issuer) (IFC, 2004).

Clipping consists in removing “one or more syllables” from the beginning, the end or “both ends” of a term: “phone” obtained from “telephone”; “photo” from “photograph”; “flu” from “influenza” (Quirk and Greenbaum, 1973, p. 448).

Abbreviation is obtained by omitting parts of a term: QTE (Quote), the term “refers to a stock’s last price it was traded for on its exchange”, PFD “stands for preferred stock” (Financial Abbreviations).

Initialism creation consists in trimming components of a lexical unit so that only first letters remain. Sequences pronounced as a word are called acronyms, as opposed to initialisms produced letter by letter, e.g. acronyms: AMEX standing for American Stock Exchange; ROA meaning Return on Assets; ROE - Return on Equity; ROI - Return on investment (Financial Abbreviations); initialisms: IPO standing for Initial Public Offer (Norma-TM). Syllable acronyms include the most convenient syllables of the original term, the priority is given to syllables which are easy to pronounce and remember, e.g. “radwaste = radioactive waste, algol = algorithmic language” (COTSOES, 2002, p. 33). Specific semi-initialisms/acronyms, or hybrids (Lotte, 1971 as сited in Beisembayeva et al., 2016) are wide spread in management terminology: “T-bill – treasury bill” (IFC), “e-government readiness – electronic government” (UNCITRAL).

In the sphere of Management there is a “trend towards an economy of language” (Resche, 2013, p. 89), which has resulted in the “popular habit of wring words phonetically”, for example: “B2B (business-to-business) and B2C (business-to-customer)” (ibidem). In addition to this, recently coined management terms have been abbreviated: “CSR”, standing for Corporate Social

Responsibility, “ERS”, meaning Enterprise Resource Planning (ibidem), ICGN - International Corporate Governance Network (IFC), etc. There is also a tendency to combine letters from the alphabet with a full word: “a J-shaped recession refer to a situation when, for some reason, recovery is usually sharp, boosted, for example, by a new category of high-tech products” (Resche, 2013, p. 89).

2. Using Existing Forms

The use of existing term forms refers to the term formation method which employs previously created terms or their elements. The technique comprises conversion, terminologization and transdisciplinary borrowing.

1. Conversion

Conversion consists in transferring an existing word from one “word-class” to another without changing its form (Quirk and Greenbaum, 1973, p. 441), e.g. pledge as a verb: “to give, deposit, or offer (one's word, freedom, property, etc.) as a guarantee, as for the repayment of a loan” (Collins) and pledge as a noun: “collateral for the payment of a debt or the performance of an obligation” (Collins). In Russian the most frequent case of conversion is substantivation, i.e. the process when adverbs and adjectives change their category to that of nouns.

2. Terminologization

Terminologisation uses a word from LGP, imposing a new meaning on it. The word is transformed into a term, which shares the same form; however, a special purpose appears. The use of the word raider as “a soldier specially trained for close-range fighting” in order to denote some entity which “attempts a usually hostile takeover of a business corporation” (Merriam- Webster) illustrates the terminologization process. The same term formation method was used for creating the management term hedge based on the LGP unit: “a fence or boundary formed by

a dense row of shrubs or low trees” and conveying the following meaning: “a means of protection or defense (as against financial loss)” (Merriam-Webster).

Both examples refer to the changing of the base form method, more specifically to the modification of the meaning by means of metaphor.

3. Transdisciplinary Borrowing

Transdisciplinary borrowing (an example of internal borrowing) consists in using a term from one subject field to designate a new concept in another subject field within the same language,

e.g. a term form leverage was borrowed from the field of Technology, where the term denotes “the action of a lever” (Collins), to designate a concept in the field of Management/Corporate Governance: “the use made by a company of its limited assets to guarantee the substantial loans required to finance its business” (Collins). The usage of the term form in order to denote a new concept in a different subject field is justified by the similar functions of a lever in Mechanics and assets acting as a financial “lever” in Management:

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   “Leverage Cranes use the principle of leverage to lift loads” (Political Economy Research Institute, 2010);
   
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   “...one feature that is common to all buyouts is the use of leverage in their financial structure…” (Axelson et al., 2007, p. 1).
   

Both terminologization and transdisciplinary borrowing result in polysemic terms. The meaning of the source terms is extended by means of semantic transfer. Semantic transfer consists in using an existing term within a special language to “designate another concept by logical extension” (ISO, 1999, p. 31). The meaning of the term is modified with the help of synecdoche, metonymy, metaphor,tce. According to Cabré (1999), “semantic methods” include “extending the meaning of the base form”, i.e. generalization, “narrowing the meaning of the base forms”, i.e. concretization and “changing the meaning of the base form” (p. 94). The Corporate Governance term safe harbor denoting “anti-hostile takeover defense in which the target firm acquires a very heavily regulated firm thus making itself a less attractive candidate for acquisition” (Business Dictionary) illustrates a base form meaning change using metaphor:

safe harbor is used to refer to “a harbor considered safe for a ship, as in wartime or during a storm at sea” and in general to “any place or situation that offers refuge or protection” (Dictionary. com).

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