Sharing the Same Fate: Muslims and Jews of the Balkans · 65
order to save their lives and dignity. The lands of the Turks were taken.
Their remaining mosques were destroyed on the pretext of city plans.
Muslim pious foundations were plundered. Therefore, the Turkish mi-
gration to Turkey never stopped. Bulgaria achieved independence in
1908. According to the census of 1910, the number of Muslims decreased
to 601,999, only 13.9 percent of the population.
62
During the Principality, the number of Jews in Bulgaria was not com-
parable with the Turks of Bulgaria. However, their problems were not
much different. Jews were not allowed to go to the military school or the
school for reserve officers, nor were they allowed to find employment
at the Bulgarian national bank and other prestigious institutions. There
were some laws against Jewish doctors and professionals. Anti-Semitic
organizations were established, and anti-Semitic books and journals were
published. The anti-Semitic conferences of Tr. Bozhidarov are worth men-
tioning. They claimed that even though Jews were born in Bulgaria, they
were
still foreigners; therefore, they had to be expelled from Bulgaria.
63
The first years after World War I were the least problematic for the
Turks and Jews of Bulgaria. Probably the Turkish-Bulgarian alliance dur-
ing the war, the Treaty of Neuilly, which Bulgaria signed afterwards, and
the tolerant policy of the Agrarian Party, which governed postwar Bul-
garia played roles in this calm. Due to the Agrarian Party’s tolerant pol-
icy, non-Bulgarian minorities took back some rights that had been lost.
Following the assassination of Agrarian leader and prime minister Alek-
sandar Stamboliyski in 1923, semi-fascist parties ruled Bulgaria. Those
governments followed anti-Turkish and anti-Semitic policies. Some orga-
nizations, including Rodna Zashtita in northern Bulgaria and the Thrace
Committee in southern Bulgaria, declared that “other races have no right
to live in Bulgaria” and attacked the Turks. As a result of this kind of
pressure, from 1923 until World War II, about 200,000 Turks of Bulgaria
migrated to Turkey.
64
Apart from the ones that have already been men-
tioned, Otets Paisiy, Koubrat, Ratnik, and the Legionaries were the other
leading nationalist and fascist organizations. Those organizations were
encouraged by the government and the officials to attack Jewish shops
and law offices.
65
Under the influence of Nazi Germany, the Law of Protection of the Na-
tion was issued in Bulgaria in 1940. Due to dissatisfaction with that law,
more restrictive measures were taken against the Jews. The Jews were
obliged to wear special signs on their clothes and homes. They could
66 · Ömer Turan
not move freely and had to pay extra taxes. In order to please Germany
and retain its rule in parts of Aegean Thrace and Macedonia, which were
annexed in the spring of 1941, the Bulgarian government agreed to send
12,000 Jews to death camps. They were listed, and some of them were ar-
rested already. However, because of internal and external developments,
such
as the battle of Stalingrad, the plan was not implemented.
66
After World War II, the Jews began to receive their rights back. How-
ever, because of the difficulties they faced, from the establishment of Is-
rael on 15 May 1948 until May 1949, 70 percent of Bulgarian Jews, 32,106,
went to Israel.
67
In July 1949, the Central Committee of the Bulgarian
Communist Party decided not to permit Jews to return to Bulgaria. A
campaign was launched against Jewish educational, cultural, and health
institutions in 1951.
68
By December, only 7,676 Jews remained in Bul-
garia: 4,259 in Sofia and 3,417 in the countryside. Some Jewish organiza-
tions and schools were stopped. In the early 1950s, a series of anti-Semitic
trials were planned in Eastern Europe due to the impact of the anti-Jew-
ish persecutions in the USSR shortly before the death of Stalin. It was
going to be launched in Bulgaria, but it did not happen. First of all, the
Jews who remained in Bulgaria were Communists. That is why they did
not migrate to Israel. However, after 1955, the Central Committee of the
Bulgarian Communist Party decided to oppose Jewish organizations.
69
Jewish institutions were eliminated and nationalized. Heavy conditions
narrowed the field of work for remaining foundations. By the issue of
the Law of Religion in these years, religious institutions were national-
ized. Vladimir Paounovsky claims that the result of democratization in
Bulgaria beginning in 1989 was the free publication and circulation of
anti-Semitic publications.
70
Even though the pressure on the Turks in Bulgaria during World War
II was less than that put on the Jews, they still faced several difficulties.
Before the war, more than 10,000 Turks migrated to Turkey each year.
However, this number dropped to 7,004 in 1940, 3,803 in 1941, 2,672 in
1942, 1,145 in 1943, and 489 in 1944. After the war, private and pious
foundations’ properties were nationalized. Their schools were annexed
by Bulgarian ones. Their religious life was largely stopped. In 1950, a new
treaty of migration was signed between Bulgaria and Turkey, and about
150,000 Turks moved to Turkey in 1950 and 1951. Then the doors were
closed permanently. The Bulgarization campaign of the Turks began.
Turkish publication was first limited and then completely prohibited,
Sharing the Same Fate: Muslims and Jews of the Balkans · 67
speaking the Turkish language was banned, and Turkish names were
changed to Bulgarian ones. Their Turkish identity was denied. The Turks
who objected to these actions were either sent to prison or killed.
71
In
the summer of 1989, the Bulgarian government was obliged to open its
doors, and about 350,000 Turks migrated to Turkey. Because of the un-
rest in the country, the Communist Jifkov regime collapsed in November
1989. Turkish names as well as political and cultural rights were given
back. Despite the fact that their number is more than one million and the
Turkish Party “Rights and Freedom” has been a coalition partner of the
Bulgarian government for a long time, the Muslims are the least pres-
tigious and most neglected ethnic group in Bulgaria after the Gypsies.
They are far more backward than the Bulgarians in many fields.
72
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