|
through the Twentieth Century, ed. Avigdor Levy (New York: Syracuse University
Press, 2002), 3–14; Halil Inalcık, “Jews in the Ottoman Economy and Finances,
1450–1500,” in Essays in Honor of Bernard Lewis: The Islamic World from Classical to
Modern Times, ed. C. E. Bosworth and Charles Issawi (Princeton: Darwin Press,
1994), 513–55. Regarding the role of the Jews in the Ottoman society, see Walter
F. Weiker, Ottomans, Turks, and the Jewish Polity: A History of the Jews of Turkey
(Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1992); Minna Rozen, A History of
the Jewish Community in Istanbul: The Formative Years, 1453–1566 (Leiden: Brill
Sharing the Same Fate: Muslims and Jews of the Balkans · 69
2002); Mark Alan Epstein, The Ottoman Jewish Communities and Their Role in the
Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries (Freiburg: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1980); David F.
Altabe, Erhan Atay, and Israel J. Katz, eds., The Studies on Turkish-Jewish History:
Political and Social Relations, Literature and Linguistics. The Quincentennial Papers
(New York: Sepher-Hermon Press, 1996); Aryeh Shmuelevitz, The Jews of the
Ottoman Empire in the Late Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries (Leiden: Brill, 1984);
Esther Juhasz, ed., Sephardi Jews in the Ottoman Empire: Aspects of Material Culture
(Jerusalem: Israel Museum, 1990).
5. Epstein claims that Tsarfati could not send such a letter without permis-
sion from the Ottoman authorities. See Mark A. Epstein, “The Leadership of
the Ottoman Jews in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries,” in Christians and
Jews in the Ottoman Empire, ed. Benjamin Braude and Bernard Lewis (New York:
Holmes and Meier, 1982), 102.
6. Stanford Shaw, The Jews of the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic (New
York: New York University Press, 1991), 38.
7. Olga Todorova, “The Image of the Jews in the Minds of National Revival
Bulgarians,” in Relations of Compatibility and Incompatibility between Christians
and Muslims in Bulgaria, ed. Antonina Zhelyazkova, Jorgen Nielsen, and Jilles
Kepell (Sofia: International Centre for Minority Studies and Intercultural Rela-
tions Foundation, 1994), 279–83.
8. Shaw, The Jews of the Ottoman Empire, 84–85, 198–99; Sahara Tetuya, “Anti-
Semitism in the Ottoman Empire and Its Implications for Russia,” in The Otto-
man-Russian War of 1877–78, ed. Ömer Turan (Ankara: Middle East Technical
University and Meiji University, 2007), 131–38.
9. Vera Mutafchieva, “The Turk, the Jew, and the Gypsy,” in Relations of Com-
patibility and Incompatibility, ed. Zhelyazkova et al., 41–44.
10. Jennie Lebel, “The Evaluation of the Serbian State and the Struggle of
Serbian Jewry for Equal Rights,” in The Last Ottoman Century and Beyond: The
Jews in Turkey and the Balkans, 1808–1945, 2 vols., ed. Minna Rozen (Tel Aviv: Tel
Aviv University Press, 2002), 2:46.
11. Maria Efthyniou, “Official Ideology and Lay Mentality during the Greek
Revolution: Attitudes towards the Jews,” in Last Ottoman Century, ed. Rozen,
2:39–41.
12. Shlomo Shealtiel, “The Policy of the Jewish Community Leadership in
Face of Bulgaria’s Changing Reality, 1939–1941,” in Last Ottoman Century, ed.
Rozen, 2:219; Vladimir Paounovsky, “Anti-Semitism in Bulgaria—Yesterday,
Today, and Tomorrow,” in Jews and Slavs, vol. 12, Jews and Anti-Semitism in the
Balkans, ed. Wolf Moskovich, Oto Luthar, and Irena Sumi (Jerusalem: Hebrew
University of Jerusalem, 2004), 58–59.
13. Todorova, “Image of the Jews,” 279–83.
14. Ömer Turan, The Turkish Minority in Bulgaria, 1878–1908 (Ankara: Turkish
Historical Society, 1998): 130.
15. Avigdor Levy, The Sephardim in the Ottoman Empire (Princeton: Darwin
Press, 1992), 115–16.
70 · Ömer Turan
16. Ibid., 94–95.
17. Efthyniou, “Official Ideology and Lay Mentality,” 33–43. Since the Otto-
man Greeks considered the Jews their religious and national enemy, their hatred
continued after Greek independence. In 1859 the governor of Izmir sent a re-
port to Istanbul, explaining that the Greek attacks on the Jews increased due to
their religious feast and the anniversary of Greek independence and that some
Greeks were arrested. See Çağrı Erhan, Yunan Toplumunda Yahudi Düşmanlığı
(Ankara: SAEMK, 2001), 83–84.
18. Lebel, “Evaluation of the Serbian State,” 45–47.
19. Zvi Keren, “The Fate of the Jewish Communities of Kazanlik and Eski-
Zağra in the 1877/8 War,” in The Ottoman-Russian War of 1877–78, 113–30; for the
Muslims and Jews of Stara Zagora and Kazanlik during the Ottoman-Russian
War of 1877–78, see Hüseyin Raci Efendi, Zağra Müftüsünün Hatıraları, Tarihçe-i
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
