Strategic Alliances
In a
strategic alliance
, two or more firms jointly cooperate for
mutual gain.
40
For example, Unisys and Oracle have a strategic alliance that provides
customers with the service and technology of Unisys and the enterprise software of
Oracle. A
joint venture
is special type of strategic alliance in which the partners actually
share ownership of a new enterprise. Strategic alliances have enjoyed a tremendous
upsurge in the past few years.
Direct Investment
Another level of commitment to internationalization is direct
investment.
Direct investment
occurs when a firm headquartered in one country builds
or purchases operating facilities or subsidiaries in a foreign country. The foreign opera-
tions then become wholly owned subsidiaries of the firm. Examples include British Pet-
roleum’s acquisition of Amoco, Dell Computer’s massive factory in China, and the
newest Disney theme park in Hong Kong. Coca-Cola recently invested $150 million to
build a new bottling and distribution network in India. Similarly, PepsiCo paid $4 2 billion
for a Russian yogurt company.
41
Many U.S. firms use maquiladoras for the same purpose.
Maquiladoras
are light assembly plants built in Northern Mexico close to the U.S. border.
The plants are given special tax breaks by the Mexican government, and the area is
populated with workers willing to work for low wages.
The Context of International Business
Managers involved in international business should also be aware of the cultural envi-
ronment, controls on international trade, the importance of economic communities,
and the role of the GATT and WTO.
The Cultural Environment
One significant contextual challenge for the interna-
tional manager is the cultural environment and how it affects business. A country’s cul-
ture includes all the values, symbols, beliefs, and language that guide behavior. Cultural
values and beliefs are often unspoken; they may even be taken for granted by those who
live in a particular country. Cultural factors do not necessarily cause problems for man-
agers when the cultures of two countries are similar. Difficulties can arise, however,
when there is little overlap between a manager’s home culture and the culture of the
country in which business is to be conducted. For example, most U.S. managers find
the culture and traditions of England relatively familiar. The people of both countries
speak the same language and share strong historical roots, and there is a history of
strong commerce between the two countries. When U.S. managers begin operations in
Vietnam, the People’s Republic of China, or the Middle East, however, many of those
commonalities disappear.
Cultural differences between countries can have a direct impact on business practice.
For example, the religion of Islam teaches that people should not make a living by
exploiting the misfortune of others; as a result, charging interest is seen as immoral.
This means that in Saudi Arabia, few businesses provide towing services to transport
stalled cars to a repair shop (because doing so would be capitalizing on misfortune),
and in the Sudan, banks cannot pay or charge interest. Given these cultural and religious
constraints, those two businesses—automobile towing and banking—seem to hold little
promise for international managers in those particular countries!
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |