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83
Section 3
Attachment and
Separation
Attachment and separation
15
Attachment Theory: Research
and Clinical Implications
Pasco Fearon
Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London,
London, UK
WHAT IS ATTACHMENT?
Broadly speaking, attachment refers to the ten-
dency, particularly but not exclusively, of infants
and young children to rely on a parent figure for
comfort and support when frightened, stressed or
ill. It is thought to be a form of biobehavioural
adaptation, shaped by the forces of natural selec-
tion to maximize survival and eventual repro-
duction, and the key features of attachment are
similar across many mammalian species, particu-
larly the higher primates. The field of attachment
owes much to John Bowlby [1], who articulated
an evolutionary account of attachment, and Mary
Ainsworth [2], who pioneered its study in natural-
istic contexts.
It is important to distinguish between attach-
ment
behaviour
and an attachment
bond
. It is
generally recognized that one cannot classify a
behaviour as an attachment behaviour from its
outward appearance alone. Instead, attachment
behaviours are defined as such by recognizing their
function. They are thus any organized, systematic
behaviour that is triggered by the appearance of
a potential threat or stressor and that predictably
serves to achieve proximity to a selected caregiver
[3]. This means that all manner of behaviours can
serve the general purpose of achieving comfort
and security for children, and some may be quite
idiosyncratic to a particular child.
Attachment behaviours generally are divided
into
three
classes:
(i)
signalling
or
distal
Child Psychology and Psychiatry: Frameworks for practice
, Second Edition. Edited by David Skuse, Helen Bruce,
Linda Dowdney and David Mrazek.
2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
communication (e.g. calling, crying); (ii) proximity
seeking (e.g. crawling, walking, reaching) and (iii)
contact maintenance (e.g. clinging). Monitoring
the whereabouts and availability of an attachment
figure may also be described as attachment
behaviour.
Attachment
is
characterized
by
heterotypic continuity
, meaning that while it evi-
dences continuity over time in its basic functional
organization, the specific child behaviours used
to achieve comfort or security change radically
in complexity and sophistication as children
mature [4].
Thus, attachment behaviour performs a kind of
homeostatic function (Figure 15.1), and to oper-
ate efficiently it needs to be guided by information
about the environment, for example the nature and
location of the threat, the caregiver’s whereabouts,
and contextual information as to the potential
efficiency of various forms of action, etc. Devel-
oping this idea, Bowlby proposed that during
repeated experiences within an attachment rela-
tionship, children develop internal working models
of attachment that guide their thinking, feeling and
behaviour in attachment situations, and this shapes
the way they approach close relationships – and
see themselves within them – in the future.
An attachment bond [5] refers to the longer-
term, stable tendency to seek out a selected parent
figure in times of stress. The processes that lead to
the establishment of a long-term attachment bond
are quite different to those that trigger attachment
behaviour. Crucially, certain forms of disturbance
85
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