Attachment theory: research and clinical implications
Table 15.2
Scales of parenting sensitivity and frightened/frightening behaviour.
Maternal sensitivity scales [2]
Sensitivity vs insensitivity
The degree to which the infant cues are perceived, responded to
promptly and appropriately. A sensitive parent is able to empathize
with the infant’s experience, promoting accurate interpretation of
the infant’s cues, resulting in appropriate and flexible responding
Cooperation vs interference
The degree to which participation in the infant’s ongoing
experience is gentle, co-determined and supportive, rather than
harsh, overwhelming, directive or controlling
Availability vs neglecting
The degree to which the parent is physically and psychologically
available to his/her infant. An available parent is perceptually alert
and responsive to the infant even in the face of distraction or
his/her own thoughts and feelings
Acceptance vs rejection
The degree to which the parent is able to integrate the joys and
stresses of being a parent, as expressed in her/his behaviour toward
the child. An accepting parent will not direct, nor attribute negative
feelings towards their child or become irritable, enabling her/him
to maintain a positive and accepting stance towards the infant
Anomalous parenting behaviours [14,15]
Frightened or frightening
parental behaviours
Behaviours towards the infant that are: threatening, dissociative
(e.g. ‘spacing out’), frightened, timid/deferential,
spousal/romantic or disorganized
Disrupted affective
communication
Behaviours that when displayed, particularly during times of stress,
can result in unmodulated fear/arousal in the infant (e.g.
contradictory signalling to the infant about the caregiver’s
availability, failure to respond to infant cues; displays that the
caregiver is frightened by the infant; hostile/intrusive behaviours;
dissociative and withdrawing behaviour)
and poverty [11]. Importantly, evidence indicates
that genetic factors play a quite limited role in
the development of attachment in infants and
preschoolers (see, e.g., Ref. [12]).
Disorganized attachment has a quite different
set of determinants than the other insecure
categories. Critically, maltreatment has been
consistently linked with Disorganized attachment
[13]. Furthermore, in populations where rates
of maltreatment are likely to be low, observed
sensitivity (or insensitivity) appears not to be
a critical factor [13]. Instead, a quite different
set of parenting features has been implicated,
representing behaviour that has been described
as frightened/frightening or extremely insensitive
[14] (Table 15.2). Aside from the great clinical
significance of these findings, they also provide
support for an intriguing theory about the causes
of disorganized attachment behaviour originally
proposed by Main and Hesse [15]. They argued
that the incoherent behaviour seen in disorgani-
zation occurs when the parent is the source of
both comfort and threat. This is thought to create
an irreconcilable approach– avoidance conflict,
which causes disruptions in attachment behaviour
(see Table 15.1), as two incompatible tendencies
compete for control of behaviour. The data on
frightening parenting and maltreatment bear this
idea out well, although the precise mechanisms
just described have never been directly verified.
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