Child Psychology and Psychiatry



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066 Child Psychology and Psychiatry

Preventive interventions
An example of a highly successful preventive inter-
vention is that conducted by van den Boom [20], in
which 100 highly irritable neonates were allocated
at random to a treatment or control group. Home
visits to mothers and infants in the treatment group
focused on maternal interaction skills, encouraging
89


Attachment theory: research and clinical implications
mothers to respond appropriately to their infant’s
cues, encouraging soothing in response to infant
distress, and increasing playful interactions. Large
positive effects on maternal sensitivity, and on
infant attachment security, were found and these
were maintained at a 3.5-year follow-up. A meta-
analysis of interventions aiming to increase mater-
nal sensitivity and promote secure attachment in
low-risk community samples or at-risk clinical sam-
ples (e.g. maternal postnatal depression) has been
undertaken [10]. The authors found that the most
effective interventions were those that were:

less than 16 sessions in length;

were behaviourally oriented and focused on
sensitivity (rather than support, or parental rep-
resentations);

targeted clinical populations;

began after age 6 months.
Critically, intervention effects on attachment
were strongest when the intervention successfully
improved sensitivity, and when the treated
population had a large percentage of insecure
infants, suggesting, perhaps not surprisingly, that
appropriate targeting is important in achieving
successful outcomes. Sensitivity-based interven-
tions have also been shown to be effective in
reducing rates of Disorganization [21]. While the
majority of interventions concern infants and
toddlers, some very promising treatments are
available for preschoolers and older children
(e.g. the Circle of Security programme; see
Ref. [22]).

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