Child Psychology and Psychiatry


Attachment theory: research and clinical implications



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066 Child Psychology and Psychiatry

Attachment theory: research and clinical implications
Perceived threat
Attachment system
Contact (physical or psychological)
Proximity seeking
Exploration
reduces
reduces
Figure 15.1
Schematic diagram of the homeostatic function of attachment.
in attachment probably result from disruptions in
the formation of attachment bonds (e.g. disinhib-
ited attachment disorder), while others result from
experiences or influences that alter how attach-
ment behaviour is organized and triggered (e.g.
disorganized attachment).
ATTACHMENT VARIATIONS AND THEIR
MEASUREMENT
Normative attachment patterns
Mary Ainsworth’s Strange Situation Procedure is
the most commonly used tool for studying attach-
ment behaviour [2]. Involving an encounter with a
stranger and 2– 3-minute separations from a par-
ent in an unfamiliar setting, it is used with infants
aged approximately 11–18 months. The reliable
and valid Ainsworth coding system quantifies four
dimensions of attachment behaviour, each rated
on a seven-point scale. It also enables raters to
make categorical judgements about the style or
classification of attachment behaviour displayed
by individual children (Table 15.1). These divide
into two broad classifications – ‘secure’ (Type B)
and three types of ‘insecure’ attachment: Type A
(Avoidant), Type C (Resistant) and Type D (Dis-
organized). These classifications have become a
major focus of research, with findings indicating
that the majority of infants in low-risk circum-
stances (approximately 65%) are described as
‘secure’; approximately 15% as Avoidant; 10%
as Resistant and 15% as Disorganized. It is this
latter category that has attracted the most atten-
tion clinically, as it appears most closely related to
more severe forms of adverse parental care, and to
raised risk of psychopathology [6]. The prevalence
of the different insecure subtypes varies consider-
ably across cultures [7]. A host of similar measures
have been developed for assessing attachment in
older children [8].

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