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Particles
235b
The most common particles which combine with lexical verbs to form multi-word
verbs are shown in the table below, along with a selection of verbs (and verbs +
particles) they combine with.
430 | Types of verb
Cambridge Grammar of English
The most common particles and the verbs they combine with to form multi-word verbs
particle
example verbs (+particles)
particle
example verbs (+particles)
about
go, hang, knock, mess
off
come, go, get, take
ahead
forge, go, keep, move
on
come, get, go, put
around
come, get, go, knock
out
break, come, go, put
at
come, get, look, play
over
come, get, go, turn
away
get, put, run, take
round
come, drop, go, hang
back
come, get, go, take
through
come, get, go, run
down
break, come, go, put
to
come, get on, go back, keep
for
care, go, look, stand
together
get, go, pull, put
in
come, get, go, take
up
come, open, pick, take
into
break, get, go, run
with
deal, do away, go, put up
Other particles include about, across, after, against, along, apart, aside, astray,
away
, by, for, forward(s), from, onto, under, upon:
She also
came across as being stupid as well.
(came across =
appeared)
The fridge has
fallen apart.
(fallen apart =
broken into pieces)
A day didn’t
pass by when I didn’t know what was going on.
Multi-word verbs are written as separate words, not as a single word or with
hyphens:
I think I’m going to
drop off soon.
(Not: I think I’m going to dropoff soon.)
(Not: I think I’m going drop-off soon.)
Phrasal verbs
235c
Phrasal verbs consist of a lexical verb and a particle. Phrasal verbs may be
intransitive or transitive (
Û
282
). In the case of transitive phrasal verbs, the
position of the object (in green in the examples below) may vary:
You’re not going to
sort out
your problems
in a month.
(sort out = solve)
[to a small child reaching for a drink at table]
Careful, darling, don’t
knock
that
over!
(knock it over = make it fall)
A number of phrasal verbs are intransitive, i.e. they do not require an object:
The radio alarm
went off at the same time as usual.
(went off = rang)
I waited till the noise of the train
died away then walked home.
(died away = became inaudible)
Û
539 Glossary for any unfamiliar terms
Types of verb | 431
Many verbs may be used both transitively and intransitively. There may be a
difference in meaning between the transitive use and the intransitive use:
Oh, better
get back to reality now I suppose!
(intransitive: return)
He wouldn’t be able to stand losing Sonnie now. He had to
get
her
back.
(transitive: regain her/re-possess her)
I’ve got to
set off at five o’clock.
(intransitive: begin a journey)
As soon as he moves, he’s going to
set
the alarm
off.
(transitive: cause it to ring)
Transitive phrasal verbs
235d
Many phrasal verbs can be used with a direct object. The most frequent include:
In most cases, the particle may come before or after the direct object (in green in
the examples below) if the object is not a personal pronoun:
In Kent, burglars
blew up
a fireworks factory
after trying to break in using
oxyacetylene cutting equipment.
(or: ….burglars blew a fireworks factory up …)
(blew up = made it explode)
We decided to
put
the meeting
off for a couple of weeks.
(or: We decided to put off the meeting for a couple of weeks.)
(put off = postpone)
blow up
break down
bring up
carry on
check out
close down
drink up
drop off
eat up
fill up
find out
finish off
give away
give up
hand in/out
hold up
leave out
look up
make up
phone up
put off
put on
ring up
rub out
save up
shut down
sort out
take back
take over
take up
tell off
throw away
try on
turn down
wake up
work out
write down
432 | Types of verb
Cambridge Grammar of English
As usual it will be left to me to
sort
everything
out.
(sort out = organise)
But don’t
throw away
that fur coat
yet.
(throw away = dispose of)
When the direct object is a personal pronoun, the pronoun always comes before
the particle:
A: I’ve got a nice home.
B: Yes.
A: But I’ve got to almost give
it
away.
(But I’ve got to almost give away it.)
(give it away = take no money for it)
A: Leave
me
out.
B: What do you mean ‘leave you out’?
A: I don’t want to go.
(Leave out me.)
(leave out = don’t include)
They couldn’t
wake
her
up.
(They couldn’t wake up her.)
If a pronoun object is coordinated with a full noun phrase or another pronoun,
the objects may occur before or after the particle:
The noise
woke
me and my wife
up.
(or: The noise woke up me and my wife.)
He didn’t
phone
her or me
up.
(or: He didn’t phone up her or me.)
[the OED = the Oxford Dictionary of English]
I’ll have to
look up
that word and its derivation
in the OED.
(or: I’ll have to look that word and its derivation up in the OED.
Longer objects tend to come after the particle:
Yesterday we were just
finishing off
looking at the structure and the land use of
city and town
.
(Yesterday we were just finishing looking at the structure and the land use of
city and town off.)
Intransitive phrasal verbs
235e
Intransitive phrasal verbs consist of a verb and a particle without an object.
Frequent phrasal verbs which are used intransitively include:
break down
carry on
drop off
eat out
get back
go off
hang on
join in
move in/out
ring off
run away
set off
wake up
Û
539 Glossary for any unfamiliar terms
Types of verb | 433
It was a disastrous day, because the coach
broke down.
(broke down = stopped working)
He buys all his own food and he very rarely
eats out.
(eats out = eats at a restaurant)
Hang on. Let me write all this down.
(hang on = wait)
A: We have to set off at the crack of dawn.
B: That’s gonna be fun!
(set off = leave, start the journey)
Prepositional verbs
235f
Prepositional verbs consist of a verb and a preposition which are closely
syntactically linked with each other. As with other multi-word verbs, fronting of
the prepositional complement is not normally possible:
I don’t
approve of his views on war and military things.
(Of his views on war and military things I don’t approve.)
Prepositional verbs follow different rules from phrasal verbs. The direct object
(in green in the examples below) must follow the preposition, even if it is a
pronoun:
I couldn’t sell my car. I just couldn’t
do without
it
.
(… I just couldn’t do it without.)
(couldn’t do without = need/have to have)
Frequent prepositional verbs include:
Common prepositions and some verbs which combine with them to form prepositional verbs
preposition
verbs
preposition
verbs
across
come, cut, run, stumble
of
become, consist, despair, hear
after
ask, inquire, look, take
off
feed, get, give, go
at
get, glance, laugh, look
on
bet, depend, lean
for
ask, care, go, live
to
amount, belong, keep, object
into
break, bump, delve, launch
with
agree, break, deal, go
approve of
break into
call on
care for
check into
come across
come upon
cope with
deal with
depend on
do without
get into
get on
get off
get over
go into
lead to
listen to
look after
look at
look for
434 | Types of verb
Cambridge Grammar of English
Because loads of people
break into
cars
, does that make it right?
(Because loads of people break cars into, does that make it right?)
(break into = enter by using force)
You said you’d already
come across
that sort of stuff
in the library.
(come across = found)
He says it’s the pills that’s doing it. ‘But I can’t
do without
them
,’ he says.
(can’t do without = must have)
I managed to
look after
everybody
for a day and a half.
(look after = take care of)
Some prepositional verbs allow an adverb or discourse marker to be used between
the verb and the preposition:
It
depends
entirely
on what’s going on at the time.
I
agree,
I think
,
with most of his reasons.
Verbs in this category include:
Some prepositional verbs take a direct object after the verb as well as an object of
the preposition. These include:
You don’t
bombard
them
with new stuff.
Local white rulers enforced racial segregation by ‘Jim Crow laws’ to
deprive
black people
of
civil rights
.
Just
remind
me
of
your surname
again.
associate … with
bombard … with
confine … to
deprive … of
protect … from
provide … with
remind … of
rob … of
thank … for
agree with
apologise for
approve of
ask for
belong to
bet on
break with
care for
check into
consist of
cope with
deal with
depend on
disagree with
glance at
go with
keep to
laugh at
lead to
lean on
live for
look at
look for
object to
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