Brief information about robotics. History of robotics Children under one year of age

Where can machines replace people?
The answer to the question of whether a human or robot should do a particular job is the difference between humans and machines. Currently, even the most complex machines work according to some algorithms pre-programmed in the program (although sometimes very complex). They have freedom of will, freedom of choice, desires, impulses, nothing that defines the creative component of man.
The robot can perform very complex and precise tasks, which can be done in a situation where a person does not live even an hour. But he can’t write a screenplay for a book or a new movie, he can’t create a picture canvas if it hasn’t been written by someone in his memory before.
Therefore, creative professions where non-standard is important, non-standard thinking really stays with people. A robot can be a welder, a loader, an artist, or even an astronaut, but he cannot be (at least at the current stage of development) a writer, poet, or artist.
Should we be afraid of robots?
Mankind’s most important fear of machines is that they will be perfect, one day they will stop obeying, enslave people, and start their own lives. This fear went hand in hand with the development of robotics. It finds expression both in mythology (e.g., the Jewish legend of the golem, which challenged its creator) and in art. Famous movies "The Matrix", "Terminator", many books about the car uprising. The play, which gave birth to the word “robot,” also ends with the slavery of humanity by its former servants.
However, at this stage in the development of science, these fears are meaningless. Robots don’t have a human-like mind, so they can’t have any desire, let alone a desire to take over the world.
In order to reproduce consciousness in the machine, one must first determine what one's consciousness is, how and from what it is formed. The answer to this question lies in the depths of the human brain, which has not been fully explored.
To “revolt,” robots need to understand what world domination is and why it is needed.
So far, any, even the most sophisticated and perfect machine is basically no different from a food processor or coffee grinder. So the question of who will ultimately be the main one on Earth - a robot or a human being - is still not relevant.
There are interests in the history of the origin of words with Latin roots that can only be explained by not knowing the origin of the Latin language.
Latin is formed on the basis of vulgar Latin (street language - vulgarus> vulica - street (praslav.)) Spoken by ordinary inhabitants of the ancient city of Rome.
Vulgar Latin is at the same time the forerunner of Slavic languages ​​- Orthodox Slavic.
For example, the word “robot” was assumed to have originated in the 1920s by Czech writer Karel Chapek.
Here are links from sources.
"The robot
doubt the origin of the word" robot ", but not less.
In 1921, the famous Czech writer Karel Chapek wrote the play "RUR". ("Rossum universal robots"), their heroes were humans and robots - artificial humans.
Chapek robots were biological creatures, not mechanical ones. They lacked human functions, in particular - the ability to love.
The word “robot” is derived from the Czech robot from the Czech robot - in our opinion, “work”.
One of the protagonists of the play, the CEO of RUR, asked, "What are robots?" Answering the question, but they have no spirit.
Because of these qualities (“mechanical perfection” and “incredibly powerful intelligence”), robots are able to function and improve as humans. In the RUR show, robots, originally designed to replace humans in factories, soon spiraled out of human control and began destroying their creators.
K. Chapek's images and ideas were mainly based on both scientific and technological progress and fiction.
”The word“ robot ”was invented by Czech writer Karel Chapek and his brother Joseph and was first used in Chapek’s play“ R. ” ("Rossum universal robots", 1920). The first Russian translations used the word "heartless devices".
Information about the first practical application of modern robots - automatically controlled mechanical human prototypes dates back to the Hellenistic period. Then four golden female figures were mounted on a lighthouse built on Farosm Island. During the day they burned in the sunlight, and at night they were brightly lit, so they were always clearly visible from a distance. These statues periodically rotated and knocked down the tubes; at night they sounded the trumpet, warning the sailors of their proximity to the shore.
Prototypes of robots were also mechanical figures created by the Arab scientist and inventor Al-Jazari (1136-1206). So he created a boat with four mechanical musicians playing the harp, the harp, and the flute.
Leonardo da Vinci painted a picture of a humanoid robot in 1495. Leonardo's writings, found in the 1950s, contained detailed images of a mechanical knight capable of sitting, spreading his arms, shaking his head, and opening a visor. The design is probably based on anatomical studies recorded in a Vitruvian man. It is unknown whether Leonardo wanted to build a robot.
In the 16th and 18th centuries, the design of automatons became widespread in Western Europe - clockwork mechanisms that looked like humans or animals on the outside and were sometimes able to perform more complex movements. The Smithsonian Institution’s collection contains one of the earliest examples of such submachine guns - a “Spanish monk” (about 40 cm tall) who could walk, hit his chest with his right hand, and shook his head; from time to time he brings the wooden cross in his left hand to his lips and kisses it. It is believed that this gun was made in 1560 by the mechanic Juanelo Turriano for Emperor Charles V.
From the beginning of the 18th century, the press began to report cars with "intelligence signs", but in many cases it turned out to be a ruse.
The most detailed description of the origin of the word “robot” is described in the article.
Who really invented the word “robot”?
The word “robot” entered the speech with a light hand by Czech writer Karel Chapek. In RUR ("Rossum universal robots"), published in 1920, Chapek describes a plant that produces "artificial humans", which he calls robots.
However, contrary to popular belief, Karel Chapek did not invent the word. In a short letter to the compilers of the Oxford English Dictionary, he calls his older brother, the artist and writer Joseph Chapek, the real author of the word "robot."
Some argue that the word "robot" was first used by Joseph Capek in the 1917 story "Opilec" ("Drunk Man"). But that’s also not true, as the author used the word “gun” in this story. .
And here is an excerpt from Karel Chapek's article, in which Chapek himself details the whole story.
"... It was like this: the idea of ​​the play came to the writer at the same time. But while he was still warm, he hurried and came to his brother Joseph, who was standing in front of the bench and drawing to make the canvas crack.
" Listen, Joseph, 'said the writer,' I have a play.
"Which one?" - whispered the artist (he muttered, because at that time he was holding a brush in his mouth. The author told him the idea as soon as possible.
"So, write," said the artist. He took the cloth and stopped working on the canvas.
”But,” said the author, “I don’t know what to call these artificial workers.
"Well, call them robots," the artist whispered with a brush in his mouth and went to the canvas.
That was it. Thus, the word robot was born ... "
So the word robot comes to us from the Czech language and means" forced labor, hard work. "...
In fact," robot "sa It is of general Slavic origin and of vulgar Latin origin.
The etymology of the word "robot"
The English word for work is derived from Latin, where l; there is work, labor; hardship, calamity (lat.).
However, l; The Latin word bar is derived from the vulgar Latin and means "slave", "work", "labor". You just l; you have to reverse the word bar:
l; bor> rabij / rabota / trudij / orudij - slave / work / labor / tools (former Slavic.) (inv. l; bar, j / l substitution; t / l substitution; d / b o ' rnini, j / l)
Another Latin word - op; ra - labor, diligence, labor; work, product; worker; referral; service; free time; time (lat.) also means work in the Slavic interpretation.
opera> work / upiranj - support / support / work (glorious) (transition; n; inv. op; r, reduction b / p, transition)
"Opera" music the word "work" is also derived from the Slavic word "work," meaning "work."
Opera (Latin labor, product, dismissed Italian opera) [TSB].
As Golokhvastov puts it, “in essence,” “opera” is associated with Slavic “singing”.
Opera- opera> joint pelnaj> so-pelnaj- to sing, to sing (Slavic.) "Singing together". Thus, linguists have come up with the Latin cappella, which is associated with the late Latin chapel. zini to Italian. cappella - "chapel" - a room of singers.
Joseph Capeck did not need to invent anything. As an artist who could not imagine, he reversed the word Labori, and Vulgar, which means "work," had its original root in Latin.
"A robot (from Slovak. Robota) is an automatic device that has anthropomorphic motion, partially or completely replacing a human being in monotonous, life-threatening conditions or when performing tasks that are relatively inaccessible to the object." [VP]
Abbreviations
A few words about SPI - Igor's regiment
PVL - A fairy tale of the past years
SD - Dal dictionary
SF - Vasmer's dictionary
SIS - Dictionary of foreign words
TCE -
Efremov's commentary dictionary TSOSH - Ozhegov, Shvedov explanatory dictionary
CRS - dictionary of Russian synonyms
BTSU - Ushakov's large explanatory dictionary
SSIS - structured dictionary of foreign words
MAK - small academic dictionary of Russian
VP - Wikipedia
EBE - Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedia
TSB - large Soviet encyclopedia
1. Robot, http://www.robo-homo.ru/robo-lenta/robo-glossary/142.html
2. Robot, https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/
3. "Robot" so ' Who really invented zini?
When we imagine a robot, we usually think of human-shaped electronic machines - cyborgs or androids - or other computerized autonomous devices like the Roomba. But the definition of the word “robot” has a deeper meaning.
A robot is any machine or mechanical device that operates automatically or semi-automatically. This means that a “robot” is not limited to just delivering electricity.
Today, the most common application for modern robots is production. They are used to make production more efficient for the company, cheaper for the consumer and safer for employees. But where did that word come from?