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guidance, support and counselling 
to help them formulate personal and career 
development goals 
(c) Given 
suitable 
education and training 
to develop their skills and knowledge 
(d) Helped 
to 
plan their future 
and identify opportunities open to them in the organisation 
7.2 Approaches to development 
Approaches to development include the following. 
Approach 
Comment 
Management development
Improving managerial effectiveness through a planned process. This may 
include the development of management/leadership skills (or 
competences), management education (such as MBA programmes) and 
planned experience of different functions, positions and work settings, in 
preparation for increasing managerial responsibility. 
Career development
Individuals plan career paths. The trend for delayered organisations has 
reduced opportunities for upward progression: opportunities may be 
planned for sideways/lateral transfers, secondments to project groups, 
short external secondments, and so on, to offer new opportunities. 
Professional development
Professional bodies offer structured programmes of continuing 
professional development (CPD). The aim is to ensure that professional 
standards are maintained and enhanced through education, development 
and training self-managed by the individual. A CPD approach is based on 
the belief that a professional qualification should be the basis for a career 
lifetime of development 
and
adherence to a professional code of ethics 
and standards. 
Personal development
Businesses are increasingly offering employees wider-ranging 
development opportunities, rather than focusing on skills required in their 
current job. Personal development creates more rounded, competent 
employees who may contribute more innovatively and flexibly to the 
organisation's future needs. It may also help to foster employee job 
satisfaction, commitment and loyalty. 
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CHAPTER 16
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TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT