Reverse process The reverse (or inverted) process was developed when electro deposition primers still contained
anionically stabilised resin systems. Pre-treatment is mainly followed by spray priming (primer-
filler) the exterior to form layers 30 to 50 µm thick. The primer is then stoved at relatively low tem-
peratures, e.g. at 120 °C for 10 to 20 minutes in a step called pre-gelation. This is followed by electro
deposition. Since the primer-filler layer on the exterior prevents deposition of the electro deposi-
tion primer, it is mostly the interior parts and hollow spaces of the car body which are coated, albeit
very effectively. The car body is then stoved in the oven for 20 to 30 minutes at 170 °C. The reverse
process was still used for a relatively long time after cathodic electro deposition was introduced
[60]
.
The process itself is followed by conventional topcoat application, but without additional primer
surfacer. It offers the advantages of optimised throwing power and savings on paint material. How-
ever, the appearance of the complete coating (including topcoats) is inferior to that of the conven-
tional process. Additionally, it is costly to switch the application line over to the reverse process.
Electro powder coating The coating material in electro powder coating (EPC) is a dispersion of a typical powder compris-
ing epoxy resins, crosslinker and pigments stabilised in an electro deposition primer. The proc-
ess was developed in the mid-1970s for anionically stabilised resins. In electro powder coating,
it is possible to deposit the primer in a layer thickness ranging from 40 to 80 µm (dry film). The
deposition conditions are nearly the same as in conventional electro deposition applications: 15
to 60 seconds at a potential of 100 to 200 Volt. To avoid popping, the thicker layers are pre-dried
for approx. 10 minutes at 80 to 90 °C and then stoved for 20 minutes at 180 °C. On account of the
high electrical resistance of the deposited film, the throwing power is relatively low. The process
had been developed to eliminate the need to apply a primer surfacer. However, it suffered from the
disadvantage that the surface structure, which was typical of a powder coat, impaired the smooth-
ness of the subsequent topcoat. Further development work to enhance the surface structure led
to electro slurry coating (ESC)
[62]
. The slurry consisted of a dispersion containing the main resin
and the crosslinker, as well as additives for boosting flow and levelling.