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raw materials for the production of high-class lubricants and biodegradable liquid surfactants.
Later, clearcoats contained both alkyds that had been modified by synthetic fatty acids from the
oxo-synthesis and relatively highly reactive melamine resins.
Meanwhile, in the USA, stoving enamels were being developed on the basis of hydroxy acrylic
resins crosslinked by melamine resins. In Europe, and predominantly in Germany, clearcoats
containing alkyds were retained because of the application advantages (improved wetting prop-
erties, better levelling, prevention of popping) and appearance (optimum filling power, excellent
gloss and clearcoat holdout). However, complaints arose about the lack of weathering resistance
and cracking on exposure to weathering (Florida tests). Clearcoats based on alkyds were subse-
quently displaced from the automotive coatings market. However, even the clearcoats based on
acrylic resins often provided inadequate weathering resistance. This prompted extensive studies
of weathering resistance. Accelerated weathering tests involving the use of UV lamps were intro-
duced into clearcoat development
[149]
. The results showed that, to be sure, the clearcoats showed
no cracking after exposure, but they became matt and the film layers degraded (loss of film thick-
ness). There were also symptoms of damage in the basecoat, such as greying and blistering. The
breakthrough in the development of clearcoats with optimum weathering resistance came with
the introduction of UV absorbers and free-radical quenchers. Nowadays, light stabiliser packages
are included in all clearcoats.
Subsequent stages in the development of clearcoats included improvements in chemical resist-
ance and compatibility with high-solid basecoats and, later, water-borne basecoats. The outcome
was the introduction of two-component clearcoats containing hydroxy acrylic resins and also
polyisocyanate adducts as crosslinker for automotive OEM coating. Many car producers in Europe
now employ this technology, although some have stuck by one-component clearcoats. Two-compo-
nent clearcoats are notable for their chemical resistance. With a view to improving the chemical
resistance of one-component clearcoats as well, several crosslinking methods were investigated.
The result was the introduction of clearcoats containing acrylic resins and blocked polyisocyanate
adducts. It has been found that a combination of melamine resins and blocked polyisocyanate
adducts yields the best crosslinking properties (hybrid crosslinked clearcoats).
Even today, most clearcoats for automotive OEM application contain solventborne systems. Of
course, there have also been attempts to cut emissions of VOCs from clearcoats, too. There are now
clearcoats available with application solids of about 60 % by weight. Applications for water-borne
clearcoats are very few. Powder clearcoats are available which have virtually zero VOC emissions.
Since the late 1990s, car producers have been attempting to improve the scratch resistance of clear-
coats. This can be accomplished in different ways: optimising the resin composition (acrylic resins)
and crosslinking,
the use of special additives, and the selection of totally new application methods.
Attempts are currently underway to combine the improvements in clearcoat properties with
reductions in solvent emissions. To this end, a large number of studies are pursuing alterna-
tive crosslinking methods. However, so far, these studies have yielded only a few products for
the automotive coatings market. There are clearcoats containing carbamate groups instead of
hydroxyl groups for crosslinking with melamine resins. There are clearcoats which crosslink by
reaction of unsaturated molecules in UV light, and clearcoats which crosslink both in UV light
and by other crosslinking methods, for example those involving polyisocyanate adducts (these
are called dual-cure systems).
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