166
below. As already discussed in Chapter 3.7.1, coating layers with effect substances require pro-
tective surfacers. The first effect basecoats contained aluminium pigments. Appealing metallic
effects are only achieved if the effect coatings contain sufficient quantities of aluminium pig-
ments. The resin matrix of such coating layers is unable to provide sufficient protection for the
effect substances. A protective clearcoat is therefore applied as overcoat.
3.8.2.1 Application behaviour and surface of clearcoats
Since most car producers were not prepared to apply four layers in separate sections of their appli-
cation lines, the two layers of effect basecoat and clearcoat had to be applied wet-on-wet. The term
wet-on-wet is not entirely accurate if the basecoat layer is allowed to dry physically and exposed
to special flash-off conditions before the clearcoat is applied. That is the basic process currently
employed
in all car assembly lines, and also in the application of solid colour systems.
The first requirement imposed on a clearcoat is therefore the establishment of a wet-on-wet proc-
ess that is compatible with a basecoat layer that has dried by physical means only. In other words,
the clearcoat has to wet the basecoat perfectly and spread over the basecoat surface efficiently.
The clearcoat must not destroy the orientation of the effect substances in the basecoat layers as
that would lead to loss of both the basecoat lightness in plan view and the flip-flop effect. A nega-
tive influence of this kind on a basecoat layer upon overcoating with a clearcoat is called redis-
solving. Redissolving is not only the dissolution effect exerted by the clearcoat and its solvent.
There is also the mechanical impact of the spray mist falling on the surface of the basecoat. In
addition, there may be influences exerted by the low-molecular resin content of a clearcoat, e.g.
low-molecular polyisocyanate adducts may disorient the effect substance of the basecoat layer
in the first phase of the stoving process by diffusing into the basecoat before the products are
incorporated into the crosslinked molecular network of the clearcoat layer.
After clearcoat application (see Chapter 3.8.4), stoving and cooling, the following properties are
visually assessed: levelling, gloss,
distinctness of image, and clearcoat hold-out.
Optimum levelling is exhibited by a clearcoat surface that has only a few structures. Structures of
different sizes are observed and can be determined physically. Measurements of the quantity of
scattered light and by means of Fourier analysis enables the quantity of structures with different
wavelengths to be determined. Car makers specify limits on short-waves and long-waves (meas-
ured by short-wave and long-wave scanning,
[150]
). Factors affecting levelling are surface wetting,
cohesion, flow (viscosity of the clearcoat during film forming, including application, flash-off, and
the first stage of stoving).
The gloss of clearcoats is dictated by the transparency, refractive index of the film, and the surface
structure. Certain amounts of very fine surface structures (short-waves) yield a matt clearcoat. The
gloss value is defined by measuring surface reflection at different angles of reflection (20° and
60°). The human eye barely notices differences in readings caused by different refractive indices
whereas it sees surface structures very well.
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