Asian Research Journals
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70
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the whole group. The groups should be given sufficient time for preparation after they need to
present their plan trying to persuade the rest of the class that their holiday is the best choice. This
activity is very beneficial for all four skills, as it demands Reading to get information on the
given topic, Speaking as learners discuss their project together, Writing to prepare discourse for
presenting the project, and Listening when the class listens to the presentation of each group.
Ranking tasks consider a discussion of a list of items to rank, developing such language
functions as expressing opinions, persuading, and giving reasons. ‘Discuss and organize’ activity
suggested by Goh and Burn (2012) is one of the samples for ranking task: the teacher gives the
list of statements on an issue of students` having a part-time job, then learners in small groups
discuss and differentiate the supporting and opposing ideas. A student arrangement might differ
in ranking tasks depending on how many repetitions the students need. It is important to start
from individual ranking so that the learner could bring definite reasons for discussion. After, it
could be followed by pair work or by a group discussion (Newton, 1993 cited in Nation, 1995).
Pyramid discussion, which named so because of the sequence of students` arrangement, starts
from individual work and gradually expands until it encompasses the whole class (Jordan, 1990).
It is a problem-solving activity involving students on item-selection task from a list within a
particular theme or subject. The potential tasks for this type of activity could be ‘Select the three
most important requirements from the list below that you think will help a developing country to
improve its economic development’ (Jordan, 1990; p.48), or ‘Put these items in order of
importance’ (Scrivener, 2011).
Pyramid discussion is motivating and beneficial even for the weakest and shyest students, as it
involves all participants in each step of task fulfilment making them give their opinion.
All above-mentioned activities could be quite challenging compared to communication gap
tasks. However, they are helpful in developing high-level thinking and reasoning skills.
Moreover, as the tasks consider the scenarios or the prompts from real-life situations they
motivate learners to use the communicative language.
Monologic tasks consider an individual production of an extended piece of discourse conducted
by one learner individually or within small groups. The samples of monologic tasks are:
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