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Asian Journal of Multidimensional Research (AJMR)
https://www.tarj.in
258
AJMR
A significant ethnic group of the Khorezm oasis is made up of the Karakalpaks. Most of them
occupy the territory of the northern coast of the Amudarya delta. Information related to 1598 is
known: “The Karakalpaks are mentioned in one of the letters of honor of the Bukhara khan
Abdula when listing the nomadic and semi-nomadic peoples who inhabited the vicinity of the
city of Sygnak in the lower reaches of the Syrdarya river” [10, 3]. Khiva Khan Abulgazi in the
“Genealogical tree of the Turks”, describing the events of 1623, also writes that the Karakalpaks
live in the lower reaches of the Syrdarya. In Russian sources of the 17th century. this people
appears as an inhabitant of the lower reaches of the Yaik, Ural, Emba and the banks of the lower
Syrdarya. The ambassadors of Peter I to the Kazakh khan Tauke F. Skibin and M. Proshin in
SemyonRemezov's atlas “Drawing book of all Siberia” mention the habitat of the Karakalpaks
near the mouth of the Syr Darya [11, 110]. More reliable information about the Karakalpaks
living in the lower reaches of the Syrdarya is given by historical sources (Gladyshev, Muravin,
Rychkov, etc.). Khiva historians Mohammed Mirab Munis and Mohammed Riza MirabAgehi
also provide valuable information about the SyrdaryaKarakalpaks.
Karakalpaks in the 16th - 18th centuries were part of the Golden Horde, after the collapse of
which they entered the Uzbek Khanate and were resettled from Yaik (Ural) to the lower reaches
of the Syrdarya. In subsequent periods, they gradually concentrated in the middle and lower
reaches of the Syrdarya. According to ethnographers, in the lower reaches of the Syrdarya, the
toponymic names of the Karakalpaks have been preserved: Nansai, Karakalpak-zharma
(channel), etc.
In this regard, T.A. Zhdanko writes: “However, by the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th
centuries, only a small part of the Karakalpaks remained in the lower reaches of the Syrdarya.
The bulk of them moved to the west, to Zhanadarya, was conquered by the Khiva khans and
moved to the lower reaches of the Amudarya” [10, 4]. Khiva historians Munis and Agehi write
about the history of the Karakalpaks of this period [12].
The bulk of the Karakalpaks in the 17th - 18th centuries. was located in the middle and lower
reaches of the Syrdarya, lived mixed or coexisted with the Kazakhs in the Aral Sea region. In the
XVIII century. The Karakalpaks, who lived in the lower reaches of the Syrdarya, were part of the
Younger Zhuz and depended on it economically and politically. “The Karakalpaks had to
annually pay the Kazakhs a significant tribute in bread, deploy horse troops, participate in raids
on the Russian border regions and on the neighboring states of Bukhara and Kokand, collect
duties for the Kazakh khans from the caravans passing through their territory” [13, 24].
Such a political and economic connection existed between the Kazakhs and the Karakalpaks in
the 18th century, when both peoples fought together with the Dzungars. Bukharzhirau, praising
the heroic struggle of the batyrs (braves) against the Dzungars, spoke about the Karakalpak
batyrKulashbek [14, 27].
In the 20s. XVIII century after the capture of the middle reaches of the Syrdarya by the
Dzungars, the Karakalpaks were divided into two parts “lower” and “upper”. The “upper ones”
fell into political dependence on the Dzungars, and the “lower ones” were part of the Younger
zhuz of the Kazakhs. L.S.Tolstova writes about this: "In the years immediately after the Dzungar
invasion, some, probably insignificant part of the" upper “Karakalpaks, together with the
Kazakhs, penetrated into the valley of the Zeravshan River and into the Fergana valley. But the
bulk of the “upper” Karakalpaks continued to live, as evidenced by the sources, on the middle
ISSN: 2278-4853 Vol 10, Issue 9, September, 2021 Impact Factor: SJIF 2021 = 7.699
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